Prior to the 386, the difficulty of manufacturing microchips and the uncertainty of reliable supply made it desirable that any mass-market semiconductor be multi-sourced, that is, made by two or more manufacturers, the second and subsequent companies manufacturing under license from the originating company.

Prior to that, Memphis was served by two primary electric companies, which were merged into the Memphis Power Company.

Prior to 1962, in addition to comics published through Dell, Western published some comics under its own name, particularly giveaways such as March of Comics and the annual kite safety title ( which featured an array of licensed characters ) published over a span of 32 years for power utility companies.

Prior to 1984, AT & T Corp. also held investments in two smaller and otherwise independent companies, Cincinnati Bell and Southern New England Telephone ( SNET ).

Prior to the development of the ISO 14000 series, organizations voluntarily constructed their own EMS systems, but this made comparisons of environmental effects between companies difficult and therefore the universal ISO 14000 series was developed.

Prior to the Act, most financial services companies were already offering both saving and investment opportunities to their customers.

Prior to September 2012, the FDI policy in India did not allow foreign companies to open multi-brand retail stores in the country.

Prior to deciding on this name, they were called Talking America on early demos sent to record and publishing companies.

Prior to enactment of the Act, universal service had been funded through implicit subsidies, levied as above-cost business rates, urban rates, and above-cost rates for the “ access charges ” that long distance carriers paid as intercarrier compensation to local telephone companies for originating and terminating their subscribers ’ long distance calls.

Prior to that time, electronic filing by foreign companies also was voluntary.

Prior to holding this position, Weinberger was the Vice President, Director, and General Counsel of the Bechtel Group of companies.

Prior to this, logging companies had been investing into the region: with easier access, natural resources could now be exploited on a larger scale.

Prior to Rhino and Legacy, companies such as Time-Life Records and Readers Digest also issued box sets.

Prior to the Bell System divestiture on January 1, 1984, American Telephone & Telegraph Company ( AT & T ) through its Bell System companies held a natural monopoly for telephone service within the United States.

Prior to the oil crisis of 1973, the members of the Seven Sisters controlled around 85 % of the world's petroleum reserves, but in recent decades the dominance of the companies and their successors has declined as a result of the increasing influence of the OPEC cartel and state-owned oil companies in emerging-market economies.

Prior to politics, Pettigrew was Vice-President of Samson Bélair / Deloitte & Touche in Montreal from 1985 to 1995, where he acted as a business consultant to companies with dealings in international markets.

Prior to the 1968 contract round, smaller regional stations sought an affiliation with one of the four major ITV companies, who would provide the bulk of their programming.

Prior to this, the ITA had moved away from the idea of satellite stations ( companies owned by distant management as seen with Southern Television in the south of England ) towards companies that had strong local ownership.

Prior to the emergence of digital printing, these niche printing companies printed full-color menus on offset presses.

Prior to becoming a Minister, Davies held many directorships and consultancies with several companies.

Prior to her parliamentary career, Gillan worked as a marketing executive for several companies.

Prior to this Unix vendors were either computer hardware manufacturers or telephone companies.

Prior to this release, the company dealt primarily with the importing of American role-playing games, as well as support and review of gaming products, either through their White Dwarf magazine periodical or as separate commercially available products.

Prior to the phylloxera epidemic, wealthy Chilean landowners were influenced by their visits to France and began importing French vines to plant.

Prior to the opening of Ringaskiddy Ferry Port, car ferries sailed from here ; now, the Ro-Ro ramp is used by companies importing cars into Ireland.

Prior to 2000, these provided the raw material for the aforementioned ' proceedings '.

Prior to the 1970 ruling, the motto was " Good Ale, Raw Onions and No Ladies "; the raw onions can still be had as part of McSorley's cheese platter.

Prior to making fire they lived primarily off of coconuts and raw seafood.

Prior to widespread availability of synthetic materials, such as fibreglass and graphite composites, fishing rods were typically made from split Tonkin bamboo, Calcutta reed, ash wood, hickory, iron wood, maple, lance wood, or malacca cane, as it was necessary that they be made light, tough, and pliable.

* Prior restraint, a government's actions that prevent materials from being distributed

Prior to their use, the usual practice when backpacking was to build an open fire for cooking from available materials such as fallen branches.

Prior to the availability of modern materials, there is a long history of pearls being used in this implant, hence the name pearling.

Prior to a 1915 blockade of the Central Powers by the Royal Navy, American industries were free to sell their materials to any buyer, but by this time the Allies were the only possible customers.

Prior to silica-based casting molds, these molds were made of a variety of other fire-proof materials, the most common being plaster based, with added grout, and clay based.

Prior to the work done at Raytheon, optical properties in nanocomposite ceramic materials had received little attention.

Prior to making any payment, the property owner should receive a Release of Lien from every supplier, contractor and subcontractor, which covers the materials used and the work performed on the project.

It was designed by Beverly Prior Architects to be built from prefabricated materials, because of the short time frame between the start of construction and planned opening.

Prior to the passage of the Act, the law on publishing obscene materials was governed by the common law case of R v Hicklin, which had no exceptions for artistic merit or the public good.

Prior to the passing of the 1959 Act, the publication of obscene materials within England and Wales was governed by the common law and the Obscene Publications Act 1857.

Prior to cutting by microtomy, biological materials are usually placed in a more rigid fixative, in a process known as embedding.

Prior to the discovery of carbon nanotubes, single-crystal whiskers had the highest tensile strength of any materials known, and were featured regularly in science fiction as materials for fabrication of space elevators, arcologies, and other large structures.

Prior to the discovery of metals, the primary materials used for tools are leather, wood, bone, horn, and flint.