Prior to this, the flow of spice into Europe from India was controlled by Islamic powers, especially Egypt.

Prior to the Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1979, Ferdowsi University had taken for its ally Georgetown University of Washington, D. C., USA.

Prior to the Islamic Revolution many political organizations including but not limited to Fadaian Khalg and People's Mujahedin of Iran active members and supporters were among students of the Sharif University.

Prior to his career as a democratic reformist, Nabavi was considered an ideologue of the Iranian Islamic left until that force was sidelined by conservatives in the 1990s.

Prior to the rise of Saladin, Egypt was the center of the Shia Fatimid Caliphate, the only period in Islamic history when a caliphate was ruled by members of the Shia branch of Islam.

Prior to the religious opposition generated by the Soviet invasion in 1979, Islamic leaders generally only entered the political sphere at various times of crisis but rarely exercised secular authority for long.

Prior to the Islamic Revolution in 1979, there were 80, 000 Jews in Iran, concentrated in Tehran ( 60, 000 ), Shiraz ( 8, 000 ), Kermanshah ( 4, 000 ), Isfahan ( 3, 000 ), the cities of Khuzistan, as well as Kashan, Sanandaj, Tabriz, and Hamedan.

Prior to the coup, the National Front was made up of four main parties ; the Iran Party, which was founded in 1946 as a platform for Iranian liberals, including figures such as Karim Sanjâbi, Gholam Hossein Sadighi, Ahmad Zirakzadeh and Allahyar Saleh ); the Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation ( a left-wing party that advocated a non-communist socialist Iran, led by Mozzafar Baghai and Khalil Maleki ); and the Mojâhedine Eslâm ( an Islamic party led by Âyatollâh Âbol-Ghâsem Kâšâni ).

Prior to the Islamic revolution in Iran and the cut off of diplomatic relations between the two countries, America and American universities were very popular among Iranians, and this popularity was a major force in drawing numerous Iranian students to the United States.

Prior to the Spanish conquest ( 1519 – 1522 ) most of present day Mexico formed the Aztec Empire, a native American empire ruled from Tenochtitlán ( present day Mexico City ) by a tlatoani or " emperor ".

Prior to Spanish conquest, the Mora area was Indian country.

Prior to the Spanish conquest of the Americas and the arrival of European settlers from Mexico, the land of the Yucaipa Valley was occupied by the Serrano Indians for possibly 1, 000 years.

Prior to the American conquest of the Southwest, a number of Americans immigrated to California, where they often became Mexican citizens and changed their given names to Spanish equivalents, for example " Juan Temple " for Jonathan Temple.

Prior to the Norman conquest of England in 1066, Amounderness was in the possession of Earl Tostig, the brother of King Harold II.

Prior to the Spanish conquest the territory included in the modern department formed a part of the K ' iche ' Kingdom of Q ' umarkaj.

Prior to his conquest of Siberia, Ermac ’ s combat experience consisted of leading a Cossack detachment for the tsar in the Livonian War of 1558-83 and plundering merchant ships.

Prior to British conquest and incorporation of their territory, called " Tembuland " in the 19th century, the Thimbu had an independent kingdom.

Prior to its conquest in the Nine Years War of the 1590s, Ulster had been the most Gaelic part of Ireland, a province existing largely outside English control.

Prior to the Gorkha conquest, the borders of Nepal Mandala extended to Tibet in the north, the nation of the Kirata in the east, the kingdom of Makwanpur in the south and the Trishuli River in the west which separated it from the kingdom of Gorkha.

Prior to the conquest the lands had been fertile.

Prior to the conquest, the area that the Zócalo occupies was open space, in the center of the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan.

Prior to the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, the area was largely farmland occupied predominately by ethnic Greeks.

Prior to the Roman conquest at the late 1st century BC, they were united into a tribal federation with the mountain-top citadel of Asturica ( Astorga ) as their capital.

Prior to the Spanish conquest, the municipality of Villa Guerrero was inhabited by the indigenous Tepecan ( Tepehuan ).

Prior to the Roman conquest of Egypt, he had served as an immortal advisor to its kings and queens, and the last person to awake him for consultation had been Cleopatra, the last ruler of Egypt.

Prior to its conquest by the Castilians, completed in 1493, the island had been divided into 12 cantons or lordships.

Prior to the Partition of India, this also included the Pakistani provinces of Sindh and Punjab, and the eastern portion of the North West Frontier Province up to Peshawar valley where Punjabi dialects and Hindko are spoken.

Prior to this, the monastery would be a mere priory, headed by a prior who acts as superior but without the same degree of legal authority that an abbot has.

Prior to its proclamation as a British settlement in 1836, the area around Adelaide was inhabited by the indigenous Kaurna Aboriginal nation ( pronounced " Garner " or " Gowna ").

Prior to the Akkadian period the progressive salinisation of the soils, produced by poorly drained irrigation, had been reducing yields of wheat in the southern part of the country, leading to the conversion to more salt-tolerant barley growing.

* On Aristotle's Prior Analytics ( written by John Philoponus )

Prior to this definition, it was used by Persian-speakers ( and others influenced by Persian ) to denote the Pashtun people.

Reference to a market at Abergavenny is found in a charter granted to the Prior by William de Braose ( d. 1211 ).

Prior to 1969, the National League champion ( the " pennant winner ") was determined by the best win-loss record at the end of the regular season.

Prior to the period of these scriptures, Mahāyāna metaphysics had been dominated by teachings on emptiness in the form of Madhyamaka philosophy.

Prior to the 1963 Act, it was chaired by the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Lord Chancellor and the Speaker of the House of Commons.

Prior to 31 December 2010, deposits with building societies of up to £ 50, 000 per individual, per institution, were normally protected by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme ( FSCS ), but Nationwide and Yorkshire Building Societies negotiated a temporary change to the terms of the FSCS to protect members of the societies they acquired in late 2008 / early 2009.

Prior to the development of the pound lock in 984AD in China by Chhaio Wei-Yo and later in Europe in the 15th century, either flash locks consisting of a single gate were used or ramps, sometimes equipped with rollers, were used to change level.

Prior to the internet, virtual communities ( like social or academic organizations ) were far more limited by the constraints of available communication and transportation technologies.

Prior to 1976, it was known as the Canadian Radio and Television Commission, which was established in 1968 by the Parliament of Canada to replace the Board of Broadcast Governors.

Prior to this event, the technique had been published in an issue of 391 in the poem by Tzara, dada manifesto on feeble love and bitter love under the sub-title, TO MAKE A DADAIST POEM

Prior to his death, he had, at his wife Plectrude's urging, designated Theudoald, his grandson by their son Grimoald, his heir in the entire realm.

Prior to the standardization of rapid radiosity calculation, some graphic artists used a technique referred to loosely as false radiosity by darkening areas of texture maps corresponding to corners, joints and recesses, and applying them via self-illumination or diffuse mapping for scanline rendering.

Most notably, they traded with the Pittsburgh Pirates for outfielder Kenny Lofton and third baseman Aramis Ramirez, and rode dominant pitching, led by Kerry Wood and Mark Prior, as the Cubs led the division down the stretch.

Castillo was eventually walked by Prior.

Prior to the end of the slave trade and widespread abolition, when indigenous labour was unavailable, slaves were often imported to the Americas, first by the Spanish Empire, and later by the Dutch, French and British.

Prior to the invention of tension rods drum skins were attached and tuned by rope systems such as that used on the Djembe or pegs and ropes such as that used on Ewe Drums, a system rarely used today, although sometimes seen on regimental marching band snare drums.

Prior to dividing by, one needs to check if there are stationary ( also called equilibrium )

Prior to the development of DTMF, numbers were dialed on automated telephone systems by means of pulse dialing ( Dial Pulse or DP in the U. S .) or loop disconnect ( LD ) signaling, which functions by rapidly disconnecting and re-connecting the calling party's telephone line, similar to flicking a light switch on and off.