Prior to this, the flow of spice into Europe from India was controlled by Islamic powers, especially Egypt.

Prior to the Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1979, Ferdowsi University had taken for its ally Georgetown University of Washington, D. C., USA.

Prior to his career as a democratic reformist, Nabavi was considered an ideologue of the Iranian Islamic left until that force was sidelined by conservatives in the 1990s.

Prior to the Islamic conquest of Sindh by the Arabian armies of Muhammad Bin Qasim, the land where Mirpur Khas now stands used to be a thriving Buddhist settlement known as Kahoo Jo Daro.

Prior to the rise of Saladin, Egypt was the center of the Shia Fatimid Caliphate, the only period in Islamic history when a caliphate was ruled by members of the Shia branch of Islam.

Prior to the religious opposition generated by the Soviet invasion in 1979, Islamic leaders generally only entered the political sphere at various times of crisis but rarely exercised secular authority for long.

Prior to the Islamic Revolution in 1979, there were 80, 000 Jews in Iran, concentrated in Tehran ( 60, 000 ), Shiraz ( 8, 000 ), Kermanshah ( 4, 000 ), Isfahan ( 3, 000 ), the cities of Khuzistan, as well as Kashan, Sanandaj, Tabriz, and Hamedan.

Prior to the coup, the National Front was made up of four main parties ; the Iran Party, which was founded in 1946 as a platform for Iranian liberals, including figures such as Karim Sanjâbi, Gholam Hossein Sadighi, Ahmad Zirakzadeh and Allahyar Saleh ); the Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation ( a left-wing party that advocated a non-communist socialist Iran, led by Mozzafar Baghai and Khalil Maleki ); and the Mojâhedine Eslâm ( an Islamic party led by Âyatollâh Âbol-Ghâsem Kâšâni ).

Prior to the Islamic revolution in Iran and the cut off of diplomatic relations between the two countries, America and American universities were very popular among Iranians, and this popularity was a major force in drawing numerous Iranian students to the United States.

Prior to the Revolution, New Englanders consumed large quantities of rum and beer, as maritime trade provided them relatively easy access to the goods needed to produce these items: Rum was the distilled spirit of choice, as the main ingredient, molasses, was readily available from trade with the West Indies.

Prior to the triumph of the Cuban Revolution, Cuba maintained strong economic and political ties to the United States.

Prior to the Glorious Revolution of 1688, English judges were seen as " lions under the throne ", servile creatures of the King.

Prior to the Jasmine Revolution, Tunisia practiced internet censorship against popular websites such as YouTube.

Prior to the disbanding of The Revolution, Prince was working on two separate projects, The Revolution album Dream Factory and a solo effort, Camille.

Prior to the dissolution of the Sainte-Chapelle in 1803, following the French Revolution, the term " la Sainte-Chapelle royale " also referred not only to the building but to the chapelle itself, the Sainte-Chapelle ( choir ).

Prior to the French Revolution Saumur was the capital of the Sénéchaussée de Saumur, a bailiwick, that existed until 1793.

Prior to the French Revolution in 1789, it had been a royal town and the Château de Saint-Germain the residence of numerous French monarchs.

* French Fleur-De-Lis: Prior to the French Revolution, there was no national flag which represented France.

Prior to the American Revolution, this area was part of the territory of the Onondaga ( tribe ).

Prior to the industrial revolution, most iron was obtained from widely available goethite or bog ore, for example during the American Revolution and the Napoleonic wars.

Prior to the Industrial Revolution, coal and limestone were worked only on a modest scale for local consumption, but during the Industrial Revolution by the opening of canals, such as the Birmingham Canal Navigations, Stourbridge Canal and the Dudley Canal ( the Dudley Canal Line No 1 and the Dudley Tunnel ) opened up the mineral wealth of the area to exploitation.

Prior to its engagement in World War I, the Empire of Japan fought in two significant wars after its establishment following the Meiji Revolution.

Prior to the Quiet Revolution, the province's natural resources were mainly developed by foreign investors.

Prior to the American Revolution, Chew was friends with both George Washington and John Adams, and was a strong advocate for the colonies.

Prior to the American Revolution, some people had concerns about Methodist evangelism in the colonies that took no heed of established Anglican parishes.

Prior to the extensive division of labor and mechanization resulting from the Industrial Revolution, it was possible for workers to control the quality of their own products.

Prior to the American Revolution, in 1772, during a political meeting at the Warren's home, they formed the Committees of Correspondence along with Samuel Adams.

Prior to the war, France had been outraged over US trade with Britain and the refusal to repay war debts from the Revolution on grounds that they were owed to the French crown, not Revolutionary France.

Prior to the American Revolution, all of the British North American colonies had slavery, but the Revolutionary War gave impetus to a general anti-slavery sentiment.

Prior to the Russian Revolution, the Lezgins did not have a common self-designation as an ethnic group.

He wrote many commentaries on the works of Aristotle, extant are those on the Prior Analytics, Topics, Meteorology, Sense and Sensibilia, and Metaphysics.

His works include a treatise on the Holy Eucharist, one on the Procession of the Holy Spirit, many lives of saints, as well as a history of his term as Prior General of the Camaldolese.

Prior to 2006, in common with many other Caribbean countries, Cable & Wireless ( Caribbean ) had a statutory monopoly on telephone and other electronic communications services.

Prior to the IEEE-754 standard, computers used many different forms of floating-point.

Prior lists of gun safety rules included as few as three basic safety rules or as many as ten rules including gun safety and sporting etiquette rules.

Prior to this, they were not limited as to how many terms they could serve ; John Engler, the governor at the time, served three terms as his first term occurred prior to the restriction.

Prior to the Gatling gun, the only weapons available to militaries capable of firing many projectiles in a short space of time were mass-firing volley weapons like the French Reffye mitrailleuse in 1870 – 71, or field cannons firing canister, much like a very large shotgun.

Prior to the requirements of the Dodd-Frank Act, many hedge fund advisers voluntarily registered with the SEC.

Prior to 1990 Saudi Arabia played an important role in restraining the many Islamist groups that received its aid.

Prior nicknames included " Koba ", " Soselo ", " Ivanov " and many others.

Prior to the reunification of Germany, many surviving Gründerzeit buildings were left uninhabited and, after years of degradation, waiting for demolition.

Prior to the advent of effective antiretroviral therapy, as many as 5 % of people with AIDS eventually developed PML.

Prior to the outbreak of the civil war in 1991, the roughly 53 state-owned small, medium and large manufacturing firms were foundering, with the ensuing conflict destroying many of the remaining industries.

Prior to World War II, 12-cylinder engines were found in many luxury models, including cars from: Packard 1916 to 1923, Daimler 1926 to 1937, Hispano-Suiza 1931, Cadillac 1931, Auburn 1932, Franklin 1932, Lincoln 1932, Rolls-Royce 1936, and Pierce-Arrow also 1936.

Prior to this, many nonwhite immigrants with full rights of citizenship in Britain were obliged to take the jobs that no one else wanted ( such as street cleaning, night-shift assembly production lines ), often paid considerably less than their white counterparts.

Prior to the Kallikratis reform, the Thessaloniki Urban Area was made up of twice as many municipalities, considerably smaller in size, which created bureaucratic problems.

Prior to relocating to Chicago, the Everleigh sisters toured brothels in many cities, trying to find a location which had " plenty of wealthy men but no superior houses.

Prior to Marx, many economists debated as to what elements made up exchange value.

Prior to the emergence of public choice theory, many economists tended to consider the state as an agent outside the scope of economic theory, whose actions depend on different considerations than those driving economic agents.

Prior to the arrival of Arab armies in Palestine, many paramilitary groups in the Arab World, including the Muslim Brotherhood and the Arab Liberation Army ( ALA ), had volunteered to fight there.

Prior to World War II, hospitals provided ambulance service in many large cities.

Prior to European occupation, waters of the GAB discharged through mound springs, many in arid South Australia.

Prior to the integration of Newfoundland's public ( government-funded ) school system in the late 1990s, those public schools administered by the Catholic Church mandated strict, uniform-like dress codes ( shirts and ties for boys, dresses or skirts for girls ), though many girls were outraged at this due to the freezing weather, at the elementary and junior high school levels, lifting most restrictions for high school students.

Prior to the Civil War, the Pottawatomie Massacre ( May 24 – 25, 1856 ) was one of the many bloody episodes in Kansas preceding which came to be known collectively as Bleeding Kansas.

Prior to a 2003 protest sponsored by the United for Peace and Justice coalition, she said that many Americans " do not want to risk their children or the children of Iraq ".