Prior to the advent of the microprocessor, a computer was usually built in a card-cage case or mainframe with components connected by a backplane consisting of a set of slots themselves connected with wires ; in very old designs the wires were discrete connections between card connector pins, but printed circuit boards soon became the standard practice.

Prior to the advent of effective antiretroviral therapy, as many as 5 % of people with AIDS eventually developed PML.

Prior to the advent of DNA sequencing, all cladistic analysis used morphological data.

Prior to the advent of modern dams in China, the Yellow River was extremely prone to flooding.

Prior to the advent of the charismatic Rubini, every well-schooled opera singer had avoided using a conspicuous and continuous vibrato because, according to Scott, it varied the pitch of the note being sung to an unacceptable degree and it was considered to be an artificial contrivance arising from inadequate breath control.

Prior to the advent of the Dutch, the region was at the heart of the Mahican tribe.

Prior to the advent of tests to detect Clostridium difficile toxins, the diagnosis was most often made by colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy.

Prior to the advent of leaded gasolines, poppet-valve engines typically required grinding of the valves and valve seats after 20, 000 to 30, 000 miles ( 32, 000 to 48, 000 km ) of service.

Prior to the advent of stand-alone DSP chips discussed below, most DSP applications were implemented using bit-slice processors.

Prior to the advent of Comus, Carnival celebrations in New Orleans were mostly confined to the Roman Catholic Creole community, and parades were irregular and often very informally organized.

Prior to the advent of Mac OS X, the Mac OS system regarded the content of a file ( the data fork ) to be a text file when its resource fork indicated that the type of the file was " TEXT ".

Prior to the advent of factory farming with its use of " zero-grazing " feeding techniques, pasture was the primary source of food for grazing animals such as cattle and horses.

Prior to the advent of Windows, DOS applications would either communicate directly with the various pieces of hardware ( responding to interrupts, reading and writing device memory etc.

Prior to the advent of the first SOCs, there was no semblance of consensus on psychiatric, psychological, medical, and surgical requirements or procedures.

Prior to the advent by North Electric of the proprietary ' LOCOTROL ' name, the product was referred to as ' RCE ' ( Radio Controlled Equipment ) or ' RCS ' ( Radio Control System ) and the lead and remote units as ' master ' and ' slave '.

Prior to the advent of the grain elevator, grain was usually handled in bags rather than in bulk ( large quantities of loose grain ).

Prior to the advent of the LPFM discussion and eventual rulemaking at the FCC, Low Power FM operations were found legally under FCC Part 15. 239 in the form of single transmitters and radiating cable operations.

Prior to the advent of home theater systems, when VCRs were used, the enhanced sound option was stereo high-fidelity sound or Dolby Pro Logic for Dolby Surround-encoded tapes.

Prior to the advent of the portable ' mill, small-scale sawmills were generally cobbled-together affairs constructed and operated by ( almost always ) two men with a penchant for tinkering.

Prior to the advent of GNSS, Celestial Navigation was also used by trained navigators on military bombers and transport aircraft in the event of all electronic navigational aids being turned off in time of war.

Prior to the advent of the web, such support had to be done either via an online service or a private Bulletin board system run by the company and accessed over a direct phone line.

Prior to the advent of computer technology, the accused were sometimes made to hold a placard with their name, date of birth, booking ID, weight and other relevant information on it.

Prior to the advent of the American School, the scope of Comparative Literature in the West was typically limited to the literatures of Western Europe and Anglo-America, predominantly literature in English, German and French literature, with occasional forays into Italian literature ( primarily for Dante ) and Spanish literature ( primarily for Cervantes ).

Prior to the advent of Chinese civilization and world religions in the region generally known today as East Asia including the territorial boundaries of modern-day China ; tribal totemistic and animistic religious practices were the way in which prayers, sacrifices or offerings were communicated to the spiritual world by groups or mediatory individuals such as shamans.

Prior to the rise of the railroad industry, rivers and canals were the major " highways of commerce " in the American Midwest.

Prior to the Elkins Act, the livestock and petroleum industries paid standard rail shipping rates, but then would demand that the railroad company give them rebates.

Prior to the arrival of the railroad, founder Daniel Sumrall operated a grist mill along Mill Creek.

Prior to the opening of the Cherokee Strip in 1893, Capron, Oklahoma was first known as " Warren ", a small cattle station on the main line of the Santa Fe railroad.

Prior, a district railroad surveyor and townsite agent, was given credit for naming Bristol in 1881.

Prior, the superintendent of the railroad, named the town Woonsocket after his home town of Woonsocket, Rhode Island.

Prior to the construction of the railroad in 1883, Moab was a strategic place to cross the Colorado River.

Prior to 1890, the station was named Twin Wells after the two wells that were drilled to water the railroad employees.

Prior to this development, people relied on either private wells or the railroad well at Mesa.

Prior to the American Civil War, Mogadore served as a station on the underground railroad.

Prior to Tullahoma or the railroad, the area was settled by farmers.

Prior to Midland's becoming a railroad village, a community named Garmon existed in the area and appears on an 1864 map of North Carolina.

Prior to July 2010, the ten blocks between 46th Street and 56th Street were without the city's usual pedestrian crossing signals and overhead traffic lights because the railroad tunnel ceiling, which is also the street, is not thick enough for their poles ' foundations.

Prior to the Accutron, that movement affected the precision of all wristwatches to a degree which precluded railroad certification, even for the best made and most expensive chronometer certified wristwatches.

Prior to the establishment of the railroad in the late 1850s, the stagecoach route was called the " Hound Dog Trail.

Prior to 1857, the railroad industry was booming due to vast migrations of people to the west, especially in Kansas.

Prior to 1845, transportation of inland mail, other than by railroad or steamboat, was given to bidders who offered stage or coach service.

Prior to 1910 the railroad constructed its major locomotive repair shops in Battle Creek and rail car repair and maintenance was handled by GTW ’ s Port Huron car shops.

Prior to the railroad being the Carrabelle, Tallahassee, and Georgia Railroad, it was the Thomasville, Tallahassee and Gulf Railroad, and later the Augusta, Tallahassee and Gulf Railroad Company.

Prior to the Bridge of Lions in 1925, there was a wooden bridge, called simply, " The Bridge to Anastasia Island " or " South Beach railroad bridge ".

Prior to the American Civil War, the city's access to the Canadian border made it a key stop along the underground railroad.

Prior to 1872, its main lines were the Camden and Amboy Rail Road and Transportation Company ( C & A ), the first railroad in New Jersey and one of the first in the U. S., and the New Jersey Rail Road and Transportation Company ( NJRR ), the first railroad across the New Jersey Palisades.

Prior to the railroad bridge's opening in 1930, the railroad used a ferry between Benicia and Port Costa, California.