It became the expectation — rather than the exception — that those in the public eye should write about themselves — not only writers such as Charles Dickens ( who also incorporated autobiographical elements in his novels ) and Anthony Trollope, but also politicians ( e. g. Henry Brooks Adams ), philosophers ( e. g. John Stuart Mill ), churchmen such as Cardinal Newman, and entertainers such as P. T. Barnum.

Arabic literature had contributions by thousands of figures, many of them are not only poets but are celebrates in other fields such as politicians, scientists and scholars among others.

Activism can take a wide range of forms from writing letters to newspapers or politicians, political campaigning, economic activism such as boycotts or preferentially patronizing businesses, rallies, street marches, strikes, sit-ins, and hunger strikes.

Although Carolla often supports social viewpoints traditionally dominated by liberal politicians, such as his support for abortion and the legalization of marijuana, his socio-political views tend to be largely conservative or libertarian.

However, this practice did cause some controversy: Numerous politicians, journalists, and authors, such as Robertson Davies, decried the change at the time, and some continue to maintain that it was illegitimate and an unnecessary break with tradition.

Leftist politicians criticize such a structure since indirect taxes ( like the value added tax ) affect everyone alike, whereas direct taxes can be weighed according to levels of income and are therefore fairer taxes.

These included strikes against leading Jordanian politicians, as a means of exacting vengeance and raising the price for attacking the Palestinian movement ; and also, most controversially, for " international operations " ( e. g. the Munich Olympics attack ), intended both to put pressure on the US, European countries and Israel, and to raise the visibility of the Palestinian cause, and to upstage radical rivals such as the PFLP.

Others ( such as those practicing public choice theory ) refer to " political entrepreneurs ," i. e., politicians and other actors.

This led some economists, such as Paul Krugman, and some Japanese politicians, to speak of deliberately causing hyperinflation.

Hitler's British guests were a mélange of aristocratic Germanophiles such as Lord Londonderry, professional pacifists such as George Lansbury and Lord Allen, retired politicians, ex-generals, fascists such as Admiral Barry Domvile and Sir Oswald Mosley, journalists such as Lord Lothian and G. Ward Price, academics such as the historian Philip Conwell-Evans, and various businessmen like the newspaper magnate Lord Rothermere and the merchant banker Lord Mount Temple.

One of his first moves was to launch the League of Diet Members Believing the Objectives of the Holy War to counter opposition from politicians such as deputy Saitō Takao who had spoken against the Second Sino-Japanese War in the Diet on 2 February.

In contrast to the Prussian-oriented periodicals, in the late 19th century such newspapers as Przyjaciel Ludu Łecki and Mazur were founded by members of the Warsaw-based Komitet Centralny dla Slaska, Kaszub i Mazur ( Central Committee for Silesia, Kashubia and Masuria ), influenced by Polish politicians like Antoni Osuchowski or Juliusz Bursche, to strengthen a Polish identity in Masuria.

In 1970, claiming to act in retribution for the June 1956 León Suárez massacre and Juan José Valle's execution, the Montoneros kidnapped and executed former dictator Pedro Eugenio Aramburu ( 1955 – 1958 ) and others who they said were his collaborators, such as unionists, politicians, diplomats, and businessmen.

Suggesting a moral equivalence between a number of acts carried out by the Allies during the Second World War and the deeds of the Nazis, especially the Final Solution is a common strategy employed by apologists for the Nazis in Germany, such as politicians of the National Democratic Party of Germany.

Although ten years of exile would have been difficult for an Athenian to face, it was relatively mild in comparison to the kind of sentences inflicted by courts ; when dealing with politicians held to be acting against the interests of the people, Athenian juries could inflict very severe penalties such as death, unpayably large fines, confiscation of property, permanent exile and loss of citizens ' rights through atimia.

However, since the mid-1980s, as part of a joint effort between the cruise ship industry that serves Puerto Rico and Puerto Rican politicians such as then Resident Commissioner, U. S. non-voting Representative Baltasar Corrada del Río, obtained a limited-exception since no U. S. cruise ships that were Jones Act-eligible were participating in said market.

The early membership of the SPR included philosophers, scholars, scientists, educators and politicians, such as Henry Sidgwick, Arthur Balfour, William Crookes, Rufus Osgood Mason and Charles Richet.

In the modern era, democratic republics around the world permit fundraising for politicians, who frequently rely on such income for advertising their candidacy to the voting public.

In fact, the presidency was such a quiet position that Irish politicians sought to avoid contested presidential elections as often as possible, feeling that the attention such elections would bring to the office was an unnecessary distraction, and office-seekers facing economic austerity would often suggest the elimination of the office as a money-saving measure.

By contrast, the British press were jubilant ; many newspapers sought to portray the battle as a victory for Britain over anarchy, and the success was used to attack the supposedly pro-republican Whig politicians Charles James Fox and Richard Brinsley Sheridan.

This suited the desires of several English politicians who intended to depose James.

Botham ( second from left ) with fellow commentators Willis and Gower, politicians Alastair Campbell | Alistair Campbell and James Erskine, 14th Earl of Mar | James Erskine.

In the 1980s and 1990s, the Christian Right was influencing elections and policy with groups such as the Family Research Council ( founded 1981 by James Dobson ) and the Christian Coalition ( formed in 1989 by Pat Robertson ) helping conservative politicians, especially Republicans to win state and national elections.

The new King, George I and the Prince of Wales both had significant holdings in the company as did some prominent Whig politicians, including James Cragg, the Earl of Halifax and Sir Joseph Jekyll.

The international jurist John Bassett Moore was born in Smyrna, as were politicians Louis McLane and James Williams.

In 1688, a group of politicians known as the Immortal Seven invited Prince William of Orange, husband of James's Protestant daughter Mary, to invade England and remove James from power, though the plan became public knowledge very quickly.

Under Lemass, party elders such as James Ryan, Seán MacEntee and Paddy Smith retired and a new generation of politicians were introduced to government such as Brian Lenihan, Donogh O ' Malley, Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney.

Gower ( far right ) with fellow commentators Willis and Botham, politicians Alastair Campbell and James Erskine, 14th Earl of Mar | James Erskine.

First names, or even nicknames, are often widely used among politicians in the US, even in formal situations ( as an extreme example, President James Earl " Jimmy " Carter chose to take the Oath of Office using his nickname ).

Members included Bishop George Augustus Selwyn, Archdeacon Octavius Hadfield, Sir William Martin, South Island politicians like James Fitzgerald and other public figures.

The series interviewed major members of the Allied and Axis campaigns, including eyewitness accounts by civilians, enlisted men, officers and politicians, amongst them Albert Speer, Karl Dönitz, Walter Warlimont, James Stewart, Bill Mauldin, W. Averell Harriman, Curtis LeMay, Lord Mountbatten of Burma, Alger Hiss, Toshikazu Kase, Mitsuo Fuchida, Minoru Genda, J.

From 1601, in the last years of Elizabeth I's life, certain English politicians, notably her chief minister Sir Robert Cecil, maintained a secret correspondence with James in order to prepare in advance for a smooth succession.

In the event 17 battalions were sent ( bringing British strength up to 60, 000 ) in June and July, but the politicians drew back from the brink and began secret talks with James Craig and Eamon de Valera.

Many of Glasgow's public statues are situated around the square and include the only known equestrian statues of a young Queen Victoria and her consort Prince Albert, poets Robert Burns and Thomas Campbell, inventor James Watt, chemist Thomas Graham, generals Sir John Moore, Lord Clyde and politicians William Ewart Gladstone, Robert Peel and James Oswald

Bedford Springs became an attraction for politicians, and, in addition to serving as the " Summer White House " for President James Buchanan from 1857 to 1861, also served as a getaway and meeting place for other presidents such as William Henry Harrison, James K. Polk and Zachary Taylor, as well as a multitude of senators and congressmen, and their families.

His younger brothers James Sevier Conway and Elias Nelson Conway also later became politicians in Arkansas after it became a state in 1836 ; they served as first and fifth governors of the state, respectively.

Sevier was part of the powerful " Family " of Democratic politicians in Arkansas, who included his first cousins: Representative Henry Wharton Conway, Governor James Sevier Conway, and Governor Elias Nelson Conway ; brother-in-law Senator Robert Ward Johnson, and father-in-law Governor Thomas James Churchill.

Lord Temple endeavoured to secure his exclusion on the ground that he had taken orders in the Church, and one of James Gillray's caricatures delineates the two politicians, Temple and Camelford, playing at battledore and shuttlecock, with Horne Tooke as the shuttlecock.

Despite his Mainlander background, Soong proved to be a popular politician among all ethnic groups on Taiwan, in part because he was one of the first KMT politicians to attempt to use the Taiwanese language in political and formal occasions.

In Jerusalem, he gives evening seminars, which according to Newsweek usually last till 2 in the morning, and have attracted prominent politicians as the former Prime Minister Levi Eshkol and former Finance Minister Pinhas Sapir.

" Various female politicians, including former Prime Minister of New Zealand, Helen Clark, have been called Boadicea.

" There have also been other politicians who did not view the way that Doonesbury portrayed them very favorably, including former U. S. House Speaker Tip O ' Neill and former / current California Governor Jerry Brown.

Although required by the tenets of constitutional monarchy to be non-partisan while in office, governors were frequently former politicians, many being members of the House of Lords by virtue of their peerage.

The internal affairs minister, Koçi Xoxe, a pro-Yugoslav erstwhile tinsmith, presided over the trial and the execution of thousands of opposition politicians, clan chiefs, and members of former Albanian governments who were condemned as " war criminals.

LDP leadership was drawn from the elite who had seen Japan through the defeat and occupation ; it attracted former bureaucrats, local politicians, businessmen, journalists, other professionals, farmers, and university graduates.

Other politicians discussed in the film include former Virginia Representative Ed Schrock, California Representative David Dreier, former New York City mayor Ed Koch, and former Louisiana Representative Jim McCrery.

Only Mackenzie Bowell and the Viscount Bennett were given private funerals, Bennett also being the only former Prime Minister of Canada to die and be buried outside the country and Bowell the only whose funeral was not attended by politicians.

Katharine, Duchess of Kent ; her son and grandson, Lord Nicholas Windsor and Edward Windsor, Lord Downpatrick, respectively, both of whose wives are Catholic, and her granddaughter, Lady Marina-Charlotte Windsor, as well as politicians such as Baroness Masham of Ilton and Ann Widdecombe, and, most recently, former Prime Minister Tony Blair, whose wife and children are Catholic, are prominent among laypeople who have converted.

All of the twenty four members of the Sierra Leonean delegation were prominent and well-respected politicians including Sir Milton's younger brother lawyer Sir Albert Margai, the outspoken trade unionist Siaka Stevens, SLPP strongman Lamina Sankoh, outspoken Creole activist Isaac Wallace-Johnson, Paramount chief Ella Koblo Gulama, educationist Mohamed Sanusi Mustapha, Dr John Karefa-Smart, professor Kande Bureh, lawyer Sir Banja Tejan-Sie, former Freetown's Mayor Eustace Henry Taylor Cummings educationist Amadu Wurie, and Creole diplomat Hector Reginald Sylvanus Boltman.

Past Sikh politicians in India have included former President Giani Zail Singh, India's first Foreign Minister Sardar Swaran Singh, Dr. Gurdial Singh Dhillon, Speaker of the Parliament of India.

In 2012, Hassan, Boutros Boutros-Ghali ( 6th United Nations Secretary-General and current President of the UNESCO Panel on Democracy and Development ) gave remarks at the Unification Church event in UNESCO's headquarters in France, along with Akiko Yamanaka ( parliamentarian of Diet of Japan, Cambridge University professor and former Deputy-Minister for Foreign Affairs of Japan ) and other 300 politicians and religious leaders.

Although required by the tenets of constitutional monarchy to be nonpartisan while in office, governors general were frequently former politicians ; a number held seats in the House of Lords by virtue of their inclusion in the peerage.

In more recent times, the University boasts one of Europe's largest collections of life scientists, as well as having been the training ground of numerous politicians, including former First Minister Donald Dewar, fomer leader of the Liberal Democrats and current Rector of the University Charles Kennedy, Liam Fox, John Smith, Sir Menzies Campbell and current Deputy First Minister Nicola Sturgeon.

A number of commanders and politicians, notably Serbia and Yugoslavia's former president Slobodan Milošević, were put on trial by the United Nations ' International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia for a variety of war crimes, including deportations and genocide.

While Fortuyn compared his own politics to centre-right politicians such as Silvio Berlusconi of Italy, he also admired former Dutch Prime Minister Joop den Uyl, a social democrat, and Democratic U. S. president John F. Kennedy.

Right-wing politicians gained power after Fortuyn's death, such as former Minister for Integration & Immigration Rita Verdonk and the prominent critic of Islam, Member of the House of Representatives Geert Wilders.

The new Republican Party was not fully formed, and significant numbers of politicians, mostly former Whigs, ran for office under the Opposition label.

By the mid 1990s, the best-connected former nomenklatura leaders accumulated considerable financial resources, while on the other hand, the most successful entrepreneurs became acquainted with government officials and public politicians.

In 1949, non-communist Vietnamese politicians formed a rival government in Saigon led by former emperor Bao Dai.