Protein molecules contain nitrogen atoms in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.

Once the model of a molecule's structure has been finalized, it is often deposited in a crystallographic database such as the Cambridge Structural Database ( for small molecules ), the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database ( ICSD ) ( for inorganic compounds ) or the Protein Data Bank ( for protein structures ).

Protein molecules contain nitrogen atoms in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.

The Protein Data Bank ( PDB ) is a repository for the 3-D structural data of large biological molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids.

The sea pansy is strikingly bioluminescent when disturbed, due to the interplay between a luciferase ( Renilla-luciferin 2-monooxygenase ) and a Green Fluorescent Protein, both molecules that have become extremely important recently for modern biological science.

Protein structures range in size from tens to several thousand residues Very large aggregates can be formed from protein subunits: for example, many thousand actin molecules assemble into a microfilament.

Protein sequencing is a technique to determine the amino acid sequence of a protein, as well as which conformation the protein adopts and the extent to which it is complexed with any non-peptide molecules.

The process of osteocytogenesis is largely unknown, but the following molecules have been shown to play a crucial role in the production of healthy osteocytes, either in correct numbers or specific distributions: Matrix Metalloproteinases ( MMPs ), Dentin Matrix Protein 1 ( DMP-1 ), Osteoblast / Osteocyte factor 45 ( OF45 ), Klotho gene, TGF Beta inducile factor ( TIEG ), Lysophosphatidic acid ( LPA ), E11 antigen, and Oxygen.

The Protein Data Bank Format is commonly used for proteins but it can be used for other types of molecules as well.

Protein design is the design of new protein molecules, either from scratch or by making calculated variations on a known structure.

Single-chain variable fragments lack the constant Fc region found in complete antibody molecules, and, thus, the common binding sites ( e. g., Protein G ) used to purify antibodies.

Protein semisynthesis, or more specifically expressed protein ligation ( EPL ), has proven to be successful techniques for synthetically producing proteins that contain phosphomimetic molecules at either the C-or N-terminus.

First, the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 ( mTORC2 ); mTORC2 therefore functionally acts as the long-sought PDK2 molecule, although other molecules, including Integrin-linked kinase ( ILK ) and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activated Protein Kinase-2 ( MAPKAPK2 ) can also serve as PDK2.

* McGraw-Hill Online Learning Center — Animation: Protein Denaturation

Protein structure prediction is the prediction of the three-dimensional structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence — that is, the prediction of its secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure from its primary structure.

Protein therapeutics have increased dramatically in number and frequency of use since the introduction of the first recombinant protein therapeutic — human insulin — in the early 1980s and already have a significant role in almost every field of medicine, including brain cancer.

Protein structure prediction is the prediction of the three-dimensional structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence — that is, the prediction of a protein's tertiary structure from its primary structure.

* Protein Ontology Project — Provides access to the Protein Ontology ( PO ) and reference documents describing the PO and its uses.

Targets for structure prediction are either structures soon-to-be solved by X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy, or structures that have just been solved ( mainly by one of the structural genomics centers ) and are kept on hold by the Protein Data Bank.

Protein prenylation involves the transfer of either a farnesyl or a geranyl-geranyl moiety to C-terminal cysteine ( s ) of the target protein.

Protein structures are usually determined from either 2-dimensional crystals ( sheets or helices ), polyhedrons such as viral capsids, or dispersed individual proteins.

This flesh would then be contributed to the ' Protein Bank ', where it would be used to feed either the Lexx or the Gigashadow, or used in the creation of cyborgs.

In the presence of thrombomodulin, thrombin acts to decrease clotting by activating Protein C ; therefore, the concentration and action of protein C are important determinants in the negative feedback loop through which thrombin limits its own activation.

However, PP-1 needs other proteins like PTG ( Protein Targeted to Glycogen ) to assist.

* Protein synthesis, as any other amino acid.

Among the other payloads flown was the first flight of the Bioserve Instrumentation Technology Associates Materials Dispersion Apparatus ( BIMDA ) to explore the commercial potential of experiments in the biomedical, manufacturing processes and fluid sciences fields, and the Protein Crystal Growth experiment, which has flown eight times before in various forms.

Mission specialists Pierre J. Thuot and Marsha S. Ivins started the Protein Crystal Growth Experiment ( PCGE ) and the Physiological Systems Experiment ( PSE ) while scientists on the ground in the Payload Operations Control Center controlled 11 other experiments mounted in the cargo bay of Columbia.

Protein kinase C also known as PKC ( EC 2. 7. 11. 13 ) is a family of protein kinase enzymes that are involved in controlling the function of other proteins through the phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine amino acid residues on these proteins.

* International Protein Index is a database covering information about the proteomes of humans, mice and other animals.

Protein C, also known as autoprothrombin IIA and blood coagulation factor XIV, is a zymogenic ( inactive ) protein, the activated form of which plays an important role in regulating blood clotting, inflammation, cell death, and maintaining the permeability of blood vessel walls in humans and other animals.

Protein C deficiency may cause purpura fulminans, a severe clotting disorder in the newborn that leads to both tissue death and bleeding into the skin and other organs.

* Quality Protein Maize, contains nearly twice as much usable protein as other maize ( or corn ) grown in the tropics and yields 10 % more grain than traditional varieties of maize

Consequently, if an ANA test is positive, it is often followed up with other tests associated with arthritis and inflammation, such as a rheumatoid factor ( RF ), an erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( ESR ), a C-Reactive Protein ( CRP ), and / or complement protein | complement levels.

Protein interactions have been studied from the perspectives of biochemistry, quantum chemistry, molecular dynamics, chemical biology, signal transduction and other metabolic or genetic / epigenetic networks.

Protein tags find many other usages, such as specific enzymatic modification ( such as biotin ligase tags ) and chemical modification ( FlAsH ) tag.

Protein A, protein G, and protein L are examples of proteins that strongly bind to various antibody isotypes.

Protein sequence can be determined by Edman degradation, in which the N-terminal residues are hydrolyzed from the chain one at a time, derivatized, and then identified.

Low carbohydrate diets such as Atkins and Protein Power are relatively high in protein and fats.

Protein crystals are formed in salt solutions.

Solved structures are usually deposited in the Protein Data Bank ( PDB ), a freely available resource from which structural data about thousands of proteins can be obtained in the form of Cartesian coordinates for each atom in the protein.

Protein kinases are also found in bacteria and plants.

The images below are of Lipscomb's structures from the Protein Data Bank displayed in simplified form with atomic detail suppressed.

C: Microdialysis Protein crystals are almost always grown in solution.

Three-dimensional protein structures of the peroxidated catalase intermediates are available at the Protein Data Bank.

Some of the more recognized diets are Bourbon's Modified Leadbeaters ( BML ), High Protein Wombaroo ( HPW ), various calcium rich diets and Leadbeaters Mixture ( LBM ).

Protein formation and destruction are both accelerated in hyperthyroidism.

Protein kinases are a group of enzymes that possess a catalytic subunit that transfers the gamma ( terminal ) phosphate from nucleotide triphosphates ( often ATP ) to one or more amino acid residues in a protein substrate side chain, resulting in a conformational change affecting protein function.

There are over 100 3D structures of tyrosine kinases available at the Protein Data Bank.

Approximately 2000 kinases are known, and more than 90 Protein Tyrosine Kinases ( PTKs ) have been found in the human genome.

Protein tyrosine kinases that are encoded by the Rous sarcoma virus cause cellular transformation, and are termed oncoproteins.

* Protein splicing, a natural process where inteins are removed

Transpeptidases, such as the sortases responsible for anchoring factors like Protein A to the staphylococcal peptidoglycan, are being studied in hopes of developing new antibiotics to target MRSA infections.

Protein sequences are frequently aligned using substitution matrices that reflect the probabilities of given character-to-character substitutions.

In addition, structures of many water-soluble domains of IMPs are available in the Protein Data Bank.

Protein expression systems are very widely used in the life sciences, biotechnology and medicine.

Protein expression systems are used to produce certain proteins in biotechnology and industry, and more recently to produce sets ( combinatorial series ) of protein that are screened for drug discovery purpose.

Protein levels are evaluated through densitometry ( how intense the stain is ) or spectrophotometry.