Pierre-Joseph Proudhon ( 1809 – 1865 ) was the first philosopher to label himself an " anarchist.

Proudhon favoured a right of individuals to retain the product of their labour as their own property, but believed that any property beyond that which an individual produced and could possess was illegitimate.

It is Proudhon's philosophy that was explicitly rejected by Joseph Dejacque in the inception of anarchist-communism, with the latter asserting directly to Proudhon in a letter that " it is not the product of his or her labour that the worker has a right to, but to the satisfaction of his or her needs, whatever may be their nature.

After Dejacque and others split from Proudhon due to the latter's support of individual property and an exchange economy, the relationship between the individualists, who continued in relative alignment with the philosophy of Proudhon, and the anarcho-communists was characterised by various degrees of antagonism and harmony.

Lum's political philosophy was a fusion of individualist anarchist economics – " a radicalized form of laissez-faire economics " inspired by the Boston anarchists – with radical labor organization similar to that of the Chicago anarchists of the time. Herbert Spencer and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon influenced Lum strongly in his individualist tendency.

For anarchist historian George Woodcock " Although ( Pierre Joseph ) Proudhon was the first writer to call himself an anarchist, at least two predecessors outlined systems that contain all the basic elements of anarchism.

For Proudhon, the capitalist's employee was " subordinated, exploited: his permanent condition is one of obedience.

Seventeen years ( 1857 ) after Proudhon first called himself an anarchist ( 1840 ), anarchist communist Joseph Déjacque was the first person to describe himself as a libertarian.

Proudhon reasoned that any wealth gained without labor was stolen from those who labored to create that wealth.

Even a voluntary contract to surrender the product of labor to an employer was theft, according to Proudhon, since the controller of natural resources had no moral right to charge others for the use of that which he did not labor to create and therefore did not own.

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (; 15 January 1809 – 19 January 1865 ) was a French politician, mutualist philosopher, economist, and socialist.

Proudhon, who was born in Besançon, was a printer who taught himself Latin in order to better print books in the language.

Proudhon was born in Besançon, France on February 15, 1809, at 37 Rue du Petit Battant in the suburb of Battant.

His father, Claude-François Proudhon who worked as a brewer and a cooper, was originally from the village of Chasnans, near the border with Switzerland.

It was also during this time that Proudhon formed one of his closest friendships, with Gustave Fallot, a scholar from Montebéliard who came from a family of wealthy French industrialists.

The period following this was marked by unemployment and poverty, with Proudhon travelling around France ( and also, briefly, to Neufchâtel, Switzerland ) where he unsuccessfully sought stable employment in printing and as a schoolteacher.

Ultimately, Proudhon found that he preferred to spend the majority of his time, studying alone, and was not fond of urban life, longing to return home to Besançon.

The cholera outbreak in Paris granted him his wish to return home, when Fallot was struck with the illness, making him unable to financially support Proudhon any longer.

Proudhon was selected out of several candidates, primarily due to the fact that his income was much lower than the others, and the judges were extremely impressed by his writing, and the level of education he had given himself while working as an artisan.

Many of his ideas on authority, morality, and property disturbed the essay judges at the Academy, and Proudhon was only awarded the bronze medal ( something in which Proudhon took pride, because he felt that this was an indicator that his writing made elite academics uncomfortable ).

Among the early influences on individualist anarchism were William Godwin, Henry David Thoreau ( transcendentalism ), Josiah Warren (" sovereignty of the individual "), Lysander Spooner (" natural law "), Pierre Joseph Proudhon ( mutualism ), Anselme Bellegarrigue, Herbert Spencer (" law of equal liberty "), and Max Stirner ( egoism ).

There are adherents to mutualism ( Proudhon, Émile Armand, early Benjamin Tucker ), egoistic disrespect for " ghosts " such as private property and markets ( Stirner, John Henry Mackay, Lev Chernyi, later Tucker ), and adherents to anarcho-communism ( Albert Libertad, illegalism, Renzo Novatore ).

In regards to economic questions within individualist anarchism there are adherents to mutualism ( Pierre Joseph Proudhon, Emile Armand, early Benjamin Tucker ); natural rights positions ( Early Benjamin Tucker, Lysander Spooner, Josiah Warren ); and egoistic disrespect for " ghosts " such as private property and markets ( Max Stirner, John Henry Mackay, Lev Chernyi, later Benjamin Tucker, Renzo Novatore, illegalism ).

Proponents of early free-market socialism include the Ricardian socialist economists, the classical liberal philosopher John Stuart Mill, and the anarchist philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.

Utopian socialists never actually used this name to describe themselves ; the term " Utopian socialism " was introduced by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The Communist Manifesto in 1848, although Marx shortly before the publication of this pamphlet already attacked the ideas of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in Das Elend der Philosophie ( originally written in French, 1847 ) and used by later socialist thinkers to describe early socialist or quasi-socialist intellectuals who created hypothetical visions of egalitarian, communalist, meritocratic, or other notions of " perfect " societies without actually concerning themselves with the manner in which these societies could be created or sustained.

Magón explored the writings and ideas of many early anarchists, such as Mikhail Bakunin and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, but was also influenced by anarchist contemporaries Élisée Reclus, Charles Malato, Errico Malatesta, Anselmo Lorenzo, Emma Goldman, and Fernando Tarrida del Mármol.

" He articulated an early form of spontaneous order, asserting that " good order results spontaneously when things are let alone ", a concept later " developed particularly by Proudhon in the nineteenth " century.

Unlike Leo Tolstoy, Lipscomb's theories developed without any influence or knowledge of the early anarchists like Pierre Proudhon and Josiah Warren, who developed their beliefs without reliance on religion.

By 1846, Pierre Joseph Proudhon was speaking of " mutualité " in his writings, and he used the term " mutuellisme ," at least as early as 1848, in his " Programme Révolutionnaire.

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon ; main early proponent of left-wing market anarchism

Émile ArmandEuropean individualist anarchism proceeded from the roots laid by William Godwin, Pierre Joseph Proudhon and Max Stirner.

The progression towards violence in anarchism stemmed, in part, from the massacres of some of the communes inspired by the ideas of Proudhon and others.

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, who is often considered the father of modern anarchism, coined the phrase " Property is theft " to describe part of his view on the complex nature of ownership in relation to freedom.

In addition, the various branches of anarchism, with thinkers such as Mikhail Bakunin, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon or Peter Kropotkin, and syndicalism also gained some prominence.

* Mikhail Bakunin: After Pierre Joseph Proudhon, Bakunin became the most important political philosopher of anarchism.

* Pierre-Joseph Proudhon: Commonly considered the father of modern anarchism, specifically mutualism.

Émile Armand, influential French individualist anarchist and free love propagandistEuropean individualist anarchism proceeded from the roots laid by William Godwin, Pierre Joseph Proudhon and Max Stirner.

His later works show the lasting influence of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Leo Tolstoy but he also felt attracted to the philosophy of Johann Gottlieb Fichte and the French mutualist anarchism of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and the socialist anarchism theories of Mikhail Bakunin and especially the communist anarchism of Peter Kropotkin.

Warren, like Proudhon, chose the path of anarchism and individualism.

This strand of left-libertarianism tends to be rooted either in the Mutualist economics conceputalized by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, classical American individualist anarchism or in a left-wing interpretation or extension of the thought of Murray Rothbard.

Proudhon favored workers ' associations or co-operatives, as well as individual worker / peasant possession, over private ownership or the nationalization of land and workplaces.

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, " the first person to call himself an anarchist, who was well known for saying, ` Property is theft ’, also said, ` God is evil ’ and ` God is the eternal X ’".

It is most closely associated with William B. Greene, but Greene drew from the work of Proudhon, Edward Kellogg, and William Beck, as well as from the land bank tradition.

" Tucker characterized the economic demands of Proudhon and Warren by saying, " though opposed to socializing the ownership of capital, they aimed nevertheless to socialize its effects by making its use beneficial to all instead of a means of impoverishing the many to enrich the few [...] Absolute Free Trade ; free trade at home, as well as with foreign countries ; the logical carrying out of the Manchester doctrine ; laissez-faire the universal rule.

Greene's mutualist banking ideas resembled those of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, as well as the " land banks " of the colonial period.