Psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy are recommended as a first-line therapy for panic disorder ; benzodiazepine use has been found to interfere with therapeutic gains from these therapies.

# Psychological adjustment exists when the concept of the self is such that all the sensory and visceral experiences of the organism are, or may be, assimilated on a symbolic level into a consistent relationship with the concept of self.

" Psychological reversals are common and sometimes happen so suddenly that inconsistency in characterization is an issue for many critics, such as Aristotle, who cited Iphigenia in Aulis as an example ( Poetics 1454a32 ).

The American Psychological Association's report Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns stated that in the United States IQ tests as predictors of social achievement are not biased against African Americans since they predict future performance, such as school achievement, similarly to the way they predict future performance for Caucasians.

I – O psychologists adhere to professional standards, such as the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology's ( SIOP ) Principles for Validation and Use of Personnel Selection Procedures and the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing.

These theories, championed by the likes of Noam Chomsky and others, include innatism and Psychological nativism, in which a child is born prepared in some manner with these capacities, as opposed to other theories in which language is simply learned as other cognitive skills, including such mundane motor skills as learning to ride a bike.

Psychological mechanisms have also been implicated, such as cognitive ( e. g. reasoning ) biases, emotional influences, personality dynamics, temperament and coping style.

Psychological egoism asserts that all such desires are ultimately derived from self-interest.

Psychological egoism may seem at first obviously false, because there are many acts that appear to be altruistic which are common and well known, such as self-sacrifice and gratuitous help.

Psychological egoists, however, respond that helping others in such ways is ultimately motivated by some form of self-interest, such as non-sensory satisfaction, the expectation of reciprocation, the desire to gain respect or reputation, or by the expectation of a reward in a putative afterlife.

Psychological egoists could claim that such actions which do not ' directly ' result in positivity, or reward, are not dissimilar from the actions of the dog.

Psychological factors such as social support, hypnotic suggestion, excitement, or distraction can significantly modulate pain's intensity or unpleasantness.

It is possible to get more Hero Points for character creation by choosing Disabilities for the character, such as Public Identity, Vulnerability to a Substance, Psychological Problems, etc.

It is stated in the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct set by the American Psychological Association, that psychologists may not conduct research that includes a deceptive compartment unless the act is justified by the value and the importance of the results of such study, provided that this could not be obtained in an alternative way.

* Psychological manipulation, such as provoking people to aggression and then patronizing them, provoking aggression but staying on the sidelines, emotional blackmail, false tearfulness, feigning illness, sabotaging relationships, using sexual provocation, using a third party to convey negative feelings, withholding money or resources.

In addition, gender-neutral language has gained support from some major textbook publishers, and from professional and academic groups such as the American Psychological Association and the Associated Press.

The forms of citations generally subscribe to one of the generally accepted citations systems, such as the Oxford, Harvard, MLA, American Sociological Association ( ASA ), American Psychological Association ( APA ), and other citations systems, as their syntactic conventions are widely known and easily interpreted by readers.

Use of deception raises many problems of research ethics and it is strictly regulated by professional bodies such as the American Psychological Association.

Psychological testing is a field characterized by the use of samples of behavior in order to assess psychological construct ( s ), such as cognitive and emotional functioning, about a given individual.

Psychological assessment is a process that involves checking the integration of information from multiple sources, such as tests of normal and abnormal personality, tests of ability or intelligence, tests of interests or attitudes, as well as information from personal interviews.

( Graduates of unaccredited state-approved schools such as CGI are limited to associate membership in the American Psychological Association.

Psychological properties, such as belief and perception, are those that are “ characterized by their causal role ” within an overall causal system.

George Bonanno, a professor of clinical psychology at Columbia University, conducted more than two decades of scientific studies on grief and trauma, which have been published in several papers in the most respected peer-reviewed journals in the field of psychology, such as Psychological Science and The Journal of Abnormal Psychology.

* Psychological causes: performance anxiety, stress, mental disorders ( clinical depression, schizophrenia, substance abuse, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, personality disorders or traits ), psychological problems, negative feelings.

Psychological distress can lead to significant depression and social isolation.

Psychological research in this area includes examining mental health issues ( including stress, depression, or addictive behavior ) faced by gay and lesbian people as a result of the difficulties they experience because of their sexual orientation, physical appearance issues, eating disorders, or gender atypical behavior.

Psychological abuse, also referred to as emotional abuse or mental abuse, is a form of abuse characterized by a person subjecting or exposing another to behavior that may result in psychological trauma, including anxiety, chronic depression, or post-traumatic stress disorder.

Psychological symptoms include poor memory, social withdrawal, and depression, while physical symptoms may include loss of strength, stamina, and musculature.

Psychological complaints included feelings of mutilation ( 60 %), low self esteem / inferiority to " intact " men ( 50 %), genital dysmorphia ( 55 %), rage ( 52 %), resentment / depression ( 59 %), violation ( 46 %), or parental betrayal ( 30 %).

Psychological impotence is where erection or penetration fails due to thoughts or feelings ( psychological reasons ) rather than physical impossibility ; this is somewhat less frequent but often can be helped.

Psychological factors can reduce the desire for sex.

In 2009, American Psychological Association stated that it " encourages mental health professionals to avoid misrepresenting the efficacy of sexual orientation change efforts by promoting or promising change in sexual orientation when providing assistance to individuals distressed by their own or others ’ sexual orientation and concludes that the benefits reported by participants in sexual orientation change efforts can be gained through approaches that do not attempt to change sexual orientation ".

In 1951 he continued on the topic with his essay Freudian Theory and the Pattern of Fascist Propaganda, in which he said that " Psychological dispositions do not actually cause fascism ; rather, fascism defines a psychological area which can be successfully exploited by the forces which promote it for entirely non-psychological reasons of self-interest.

A 2012 Psychological Bulletin article suggests that at least 8 seemingly unrelated biases can be produced by the same information-theoretic generative mechanism.

Psychological determinism can mean that humans must act according to reason, but it can also be synonymous with some sort of Psychological egoism.

* Psychological – flooding can be highly traumatic for individuals, in particular where deaths, serious injuries and loss of property occurs.

Honour can be viewed in the light of Psychological nativism as being as real to the human condition as love, and likewise deriving from the formative personal bonds that establish one's personal dignity and character.

Psychological tests can strongly resemble questionnaires, which are also designed to measure unobserved constructs, but differ in that psychological tests ask for a respondent's maximum performance whereas a questionnaire asks for the respondent's typical performance.

Psychological tests, like many measurements of human characteristics, can be interpreted in a norm-referenced or criterion-referenced manner.

In the book Children and Nature: Psychological, Sociocultural, and Evolutionary Investigations edited by Peter Kahn and Stephen Kellert, the importance of animals, especially those with which a child can develop a nurturing relationship, is emphasised particularly for early and middle childhood.

Psychological treatments and medication can help control blushing.

Psychological pressure to " perform " sexually or become aroused quickly with a partner can deter the sufferer from future attempts and / or cause her vaginismus to become more severe.

Psychological stress can exacerbate Tietze's Syndrome, but it is not a direct cause.

Psychological erectile dysfunction can often be helped by almost anything that the patient believes in ; there is a very strong placebo effect.

Psychological problems can thus induce one to palpitate.

Clinical psychologists require the psychologist license to practice, although licenses can be obtained with a masters-level degree, such as Marriage and Family Therapist ( MFT ), Licensed Professional Counselor ( LPC ), and Licensed Psychological Associate ( LPA ).

The highest designation the Society can bestow is a Fellow of the British Psychological Society ( FBPsS ), showing a significant contribution and understanding of the discipline.

Psychological trauma can lead to serious long-term negative consequences that are often overlooked even by mental health professionals: " If clinicians fail to look through a trauma lens and to conceptualize client problems as related possibly to current or past trauma, they may fail to see that trauma victims, young and old, organize much of their lives around repetitive patterns of reliving and warding off traumatic memories, reminders, and affects.