* Nowak A., Vallacher R. R., Tesser A., Borkowski W., ( 2000 ) " Society of Self: The emergence of collective properties in self-structure ," Psychological Review 107.

Psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy are recommended as a first-line therapy for panic disorder ; benzodiazepine use has been found to interfere with therapeutic gains from these therapies.

# Psychological adjustment exists when the concept of the self is such that all the sensory and visceral experiences of the organism are, or may be, assimilated on a symbolic level into a consistent relationship with the concept of self.

" Psychological reversals are common and sometimes happen so suddenly that inconsistency in characterization is an issue for many critics, such as Aristotle, who cited Iphigenia in Aulis as an example ( Poetics 1454a32 ).

The American Psychological Association's report Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns stated that in the United States IQ tests as predictors of social achievement are not biased against African Americans since they predict future performance, such as school achievement, similarly to the way they predict future performance for Caucasians.

I – O psychologists adhere to professional standards, such as the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology's ( SIOP ) Principles for Validation and Use of Personnel Selection Procedures and the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing.

These theories, championed by the likes of Noam Chomsky and others, include innatism and Psychological nativism, in which a child is born prepared in some manner with these capacities, as opposed to other theories in which language is simply learned as other cognitive skills, including such mundane motor skills as learning to ride a bike.

Psychological mechanisms have also been implicated, such as cognitive ( e. g. reasoning ) biases, emotional influences, personality dynamics, temperament and coping style.

Psychological egoism asserts that all such desires are ultimately derived from self-interest.

Psychological egoism may seem at first obviously false, because there are many acts that appear to be altruistic which are common and well known, such as self-sacrifice and gratuitous help.

Psychological egoists, however, respond that helping others in such ways is ultimately motivated by some form of self-interest, such as non-sensory satisfaction, the expectation of reciprocation, the desire to gain respect or reputation, or by the expectation of a reward in a putative afterlife.

Psychological egoists could claim that such actions which do not ' directly ' result in positivity, or reward, are not dissimilar from the actions of the dog.

Psychological factors such as social support, hypnotic suggestion, excitement, or distraction can significantly modulate pain's intensity or unpleasantness.

It is possible to get more Hero Points for character creation by choosing Disabilities for the character, such as Public Identity, Vulnerability to a Substance, Psychological Problems, etc.

It is stated in the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct set by the American Psychological Association, that psychologists may not conduct research that includes a deceptive compartment unless the act is justified by the value and the importance of the results of such study, provided that this could not be obtained in an alternative way.

* Psychological manipulation, such as provoking people to aggression and then patronizing them, provoking aggression but staying on the sidelines, emotional blackmail, false tearfulness, feigning illness, sabotaging relationships, using sexual provocation, using a third party to convey negative feelings, withholding money or resources.

In addition, gender-neutral language has gained support from some major textbook publishers, and from professional and academic groups such as the American Psychological Association and the Associated Press.

The forms of citations generally subscribe to one of the generally accepted citations systems, such as the Oxford, Harvard, MLA, American Sociological Association ( ASA ), American Psychological Association ( APA ), and other citations systems, as their syntactic conventions are widely known and easily interpreted by readers.

Use of deception raises many problems of research ethics and it is strictly regulated by professional bodies such as the American Psychological Association.

Psychological imbalances such as depression can also prevent one from obtaining self-esteem on both levels.

Psychological testing is a field characterized by the use of samples of behavior in order to assess psychological construct ( s ), such as cognitive and emotional functioning, about a given individual.

Psychological assessment is a process that involves checking the integration of information from multiple sources, such as tests of normal and abnormal personality, tests of ability or intelligence, tests of interests or attitudes, as well as information from personal interviews.

( Graduates of unaccredited state-approved schools such as CGI are limited to associate membership in the American Psychological Association.

George Bonanno, a professor of clinical psychology at Columbia University, conducted more than two decades of scientific studies on grief and trauma, which have been published in several papers in the most respected peer-reviewed journals in the field of psychology, such as Psychological Science and The Journal of Abnormal Psychology.

* PSYOPS Psychological Operations, techniques used to influence belief systems and behavior.

Psychological and sociological explanations for believing in the existence of a deity may point to a shared neurological and cultural framework for belief based on cognitive processes in the brain.

* Psychological factors are judged, in the clinician's belief, to be associated with the symptom or deficit because conflicts or other stressors precede the initiation or exacerbation of the symptom or deficit.

# Psychological materialism is the belief that a particular philosophy, belief system, or point of view will bring release from suffering.

* Psychological subjective perception

* Dodge R, Visual perception during eye movement, Psychological Review 7 454 – 465 ( 1900 )

# Therapist-Client Psychological Contact: a relationship between client and therapist must exist, and it must be a relationship in which each person's perception of the other is important.

Psychological therapies and other pharmacological therapies are recommended for the long-term treatment of generalised anxiety disorder.

# Psychological maladjustment exists when the organism denies awareness of significant sensory and visceral experiences, which consequently are not symbolized and organized into the gestalt of the self structure.

The American Psychological Association passed a resolution in 1950 calling " attention to the fact that these claims are not supported by empirical evidence of the sort required for the establishment of scientific generalizations.

The consensus, however, in position statements from the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association and other institutions in many other countries, is that the research and clinical literature demonstrate that homosexuality is a normal and positive variation of human sexuality, and that any social exclusion or difficulties with homosexuality are a problem of society.

* Psychological egoism, the doctrine that holds that individuals are always motivated by self-interest

Psychological complications are related to cultural context ; damage may occur to women who undergo FGM particularly when they are moving outside their traditional circles and are confronted with a view that mutilation is not the norm.

According to the American Psychological Association ( APA ), there are numerous theories about the origins of a person's sexual orientation, but some believe that " sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive and biological factors ," and that genetic factors play a " significant role " in determining a person's sexuality.

The American Psychological Association's 1995 report Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns stated that the correlations for most " negative outcome " variables are typically smaller than 0. 20, which means that the explained variance is less than 4 %.

The 1996 Task Force investigation on Intelligence sponsored by the American Psychological Association concluded that there are significant variations in IQ across races.

In 2006, the American Psychological Association ( APA ) recommended that the education and training of medical psychologists, who are specifically pursuing one of several prerequisites for prescribing medication, integrate instruction in the biological sciences, clinical medicine and pharmacology into a formalized program of postdoctoral education.

Psychological egoism is the view that humans are always motivated by self-interest, even in what seem to be acts of altruism.

Among these are the Koestler Parapsychology Unit at the University of Edinburgh ; the Parapsychology Research Group at Liverpool Hope University ( this closed in April 2011 ); the SOPHIA Project at the University of Arizona ; the Consciousness and Transpersonal Psychology Research Unit of Liverpool John Moores University ; the Center for the Study of Anomalous Psychological Processes at the University of Northampton ; and the Anomalistic Psychology Research Unit at Goldsmiths, University of London.

Anecdotal claims of cures are counterbalanced by assertions of harm, and the American Psychological Association, for example, cautions ethical practitioners under the Hippocratic oath to do no harm to refrain from attempts at conversion therapy.

The American Psychological Association's code of conduct states: " Psychologists respect the dignity and worth of all people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination ," but also: " Psychologists are aware that special safeguards may be necessary to protect the rights and welfare of persons or communities whose vulnerabilities impair autonomous decision making.

The American Psychological Association has said that while there are differences in average IQ between racial groups, and there is no conclusive evidence for environmental explanations, " there is certainly no empirical support for a genetic interpretation ," and no adequate explanation for the racial IQ gap is presently available.