Purges can be peaceful or violent ; many will end with the imprisonment or exile of those purged, but in some cases they will simply be removed from office.

* 1966 – Purges of intellectuals and imperialists becomes official China policy at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution.

Bukharin was tried in the Trial of the Twenty One on 2 – 13 March 1938 during the Great Purges, along with ex-premier Alexei Rykov, Christian Rakovsky, Nikolai Krestinsky, Genrikh Yagoda, and 16 other defendants alleged to belong to the so-called " Bloc of Rightists and Trotskyites ".

Karelians live, and did even more so before Stalinism and the Great Purges, also in vast areas east of Finland ( in Eastern Karelia, not marked on the map to the right ), where folklore, language and architecture during the 19th century was in the center of the Finns ' interest ( see Karelianism ), representing a " purer " Finnish culture than that of Southern and Western Finland, which had been for thousands of years in more contact with ( or " contaminated by ") Germanic and Scandinavian culture, of which the Kalevala and Finnish Art Nouveau are expressions.

Media reports also exposed crimes committed by Joseph Stalin and the Soviet regime, such as the gulags, his treaty with Adolf Hitler, and the Great Purges, which had been ignored by the official media.

Purges that followed the 1970 invasion decimated the upper ranks of the army, with eight officers sentenced to death and 900 officers and men who had reached a certain age retired from active duty.

The late 1930s saw the so-called Purges of the Red Army Cadres, which occurred concurrently with Stalin's Great Purge of Soviet society.

Poyntz had vanished in 1937, shortly after she had visited Moscow and returned disillusioned with the Communist cause due to the Stalinist Purges.

This however began to change with the beginning of the Spanish Civil War and the deepening of the Great Purges in Russia.

Quietly and privately distressed with developments in the USSR ( The " Great Purges "), she continued to write for leading periodicals, including The Atlantic Monthly, Harper's, The Nation and Asia.

With the end of the war in 1945, there was a great expectation that the Soviet people would not only see the end of the devastation of Nazism, but also the end of Stalin's Purges.

The Army had been decimated by the Purges ; time was needed for a recovery of competence.

Berzin was later removed ( 1937 ) and shot during the period of the Great Purges in the USSR.

Krestinsky continued working as a diplomat until 1937 when he was arrested during the Great Purges.

It was in this capacity that he handed down the pre-determined sentences of the Great Purges.

During the Great Purges, however, he was arrested and executed without a trial, 1937.

Purges were especially widespread during Sukjong's reign, when there was change of faction in power four times, each time accompanied by cycle of revenge for earlier wrongs.

As it was customary during the Great Purges, many of her coworkers were arrested and questioned, but the " evidence " ( frequently acquired by force ) against her was so contradictory that ( on October 24 ) the Politburo concluded the " allegations against comrade Zhemchuzhina's participation in sabotage and spying ... to be considered slanderous.

It was intended to be a show trial like those of the Soviet Great Purges in the 1930s, broadcast on the radio and even supervised by Soviet advisors.

During the Great Purges of 1939 the London rezidentura was liquidated, and in March 1940 Gorsky was recalled to Moscow.

Khrushchev's enemies considered him hypocritical as well as ideologically wrong, given Khrushchev's involvement in Stalin's Great Purges, and other similar events as one of Stalin's favourites.

She disappeared in 1935 during the Great Purges.

Nikitchenko presided over some of the most notorious of Joseph Stalin's show trials during the Great Purges of 1936 to 1938, where he among other things sentenced Kamenev and Zinoviev.

His departure from the Soviet Union may as well have saved him from the Great Purges during the 1930s.

Some extreme examples were cases of some Americans emigrating to the Soviet Union ( some of whom died during Stalin's Great Purges ).

Some examples of democide cited by Rummel include the Great Purges carried out by Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union, the deaths from the colonial policy in the Congo Free State, and Mao Zedong's Great Leap Forward, which resulted in a famine killing millions of people.

As this process unfolded, Stalin consolidated near-absolute power using the 1934 assassination of Sergei Kirov ( which many suspect Stalin of having planned, although there is no evidence for this ) as a pretext to launch the Great Purges against his suspected political and ideological opponents, most notably the old cadres and the rank and file of the Bolshevik Party.

Although the Great Purges in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin are best remembered for the Moscow Trials, show trials in which the court became a parody of justice, most of the victims of the Terror were tried in secret.

Petrov learned the true excesses behind the Great Purges while decrypting signals which set quotas for the murder of citizens.

Next almost the entire leading cadre of the party were enveloped by the Purges and murdered.

Purges in Joseon Dynasty were often violent, leading to the execution and internal exile of many members of the losing side.

" Bo Yibo: Veteran Chinese Leader and ' Immortal ' whose Loyalty to the Party Survived its Purges ".

Ironically: the same people who were, for decades, stigmatised as ultra-Croatian " linguistic nationalists " ( Stjepan Babić, Dalibor Brozović, Radoslav Katičić, Miro Kačić ) have been accused as pro-Serbian " political linguists " simply because they opposed these " language purges " that wanted to kick out numerous words of Church Slavonic origin ( which are common not only to Croatian and Serbian, but are also present in Polish, Russian, Czech and other Slavic languages ).

Distraction turned to a full assault for those more well-known victims of the purges who could not be simply swept under the carpet.

The American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ), in the United States often referred to as simply the Civil War and sometimes called the " War Between the States ", was a civil war fought over the secession of the Confederate States.

* Lo mein – The term means " stirred noodles "; these noodles are frequently made with eggs and flour, making them chewier than simply using water.

One of the first great autobiographies of the Renaissance is that of the sculptor and goldsmith Benvenuto Cellini ( 1500 – 1571 ), written between 1556 and 1558, and entitled by him simply Vita ( Italian: Life ).

Marlborough, realising the only way to ignore Dutch wishes was by the use of secrecy and guile, set out to deceive his Dutch allies by pretending to simply move his troops to the Moselle – a plan approved of by The Hague – but once there, he would slip the Dutch leash and link up with Austrian forces in southern Germany.

Their 1901 – 1907 jerseys, both home and road, simply read " Boston ", except for 1902 when they sported large letters " B " and " A " denoting " Boston " and " American.

To gain the tools they need to defeat the horrors – mystic knowledge and magic – the characters may end up losing some of their sanity, though other means such as pure firepower or simply outsmarting one's opponents also exist.

The first proposed catalytic cycle for the conversion of hydrogen into helium was at first simply called the carbon – nitrogen cycle ( CN cycle ), also honorarily referred to as the Bethe – Weizsäcker cycle, because it does not involve a stable isotope of oxygen.

On many occasions the Chinese studied nomadic cavalry tactics and applied the lessons in creating their own potent cavalry forces, while in others they simply recruited the tribal horsemen wholesale into their armies ; and in yet other cases nomadic empires proved eager to enlist Chinese infantry and engineering, as in the case of the Mongol Empire and its sinicized part, the Yuan Dynasty ( 1279 – 1368 ).

In object-oriented programming, a class is a construct that is used to create instances of itself – referred to as class instances, class objects, instance objects or simply objects.

A historian from Slesvig, Ulrik Petersen ( 1656 – 1735 ), wrote in the late 17th century that the flag hung in Slesvig cathedral till about 1660 until it simply crumbled away, thus ending its more than 400-year-old story.

In 1984, when the first women began to be ordained to the office of evangelist – patriarch, the RLDS Church changed the title of the local Evangelist – Patriarchs to simply " evangelist ".

There is thus an ironic contrast between Paul's own temporal imprisonment and Philemon's temporal freedom ( and mastery over Onesimus ), balanced by the inversion of that relationship in what Paul sees as his own spiritual authority over Philemon and Philemon's spiritual subservience to Paul, who is claiming that Onesimus – temporally, a slave – is, spiritually speaking, not simply equal to his master but a brother of his.

In a garment from Migration period Sweden, roughly 300 – 700 CE, the edges of bands of trimming are reinforced with running stitch, back stitch, stem stitch, tailor's buttonhole stitch, and whipstitching, but it is uncertain whether this work simply reinforces the seams or should be interpreted as decorative embroidery.

Elizabeth I ( known simply as " Elizabeth " until the accession of Elizabeth II ; 7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603 ) was queen regnant of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death.

Traditionally, " chips " in the British Isles ( and Australia and New Zealand ), are cut much thicker, i. e., are " chipped " from the potatoes and described in some recipes as " chipped potatoes " not simply " chips ", and are typically between 10 and 15 mm ( 3 / 8 – 1 / 2 inches ) wide.

In France, the thick-cut fries are called " Pommes Pont-Neuf " or simply " pommes frites ", about 10 mm ; thinner variants are " pommes allumettes " ( matchstick potatoes ), ± 7 mm, and " pommes pailles " ( potato straws ), 3 – 4 mm ( roughly ⅜, ¼ and ⅛ inch respectively ).

Many scholars have argued that Matthew is simply an expanded version of Mark, but it is also a creative reinterpretation of the source, stressing Jesus ' teachings as much as his acts, and making subtle changes in order to stress Jesus ' divine nature – Mark's " young man " who appears at Jesus ' tomb, for example, becomes a radiant angel in Matthew.

The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Community Center – best known as simply " The Center " – has occupied the former Food & Maritime Trades High School at 208 West 13th Street since 1984.

In 1949 the Soviet zone became the " Deutsche Demokratische Republik " – " DDR " (" German Democratic Republic " – " GDR ", simply often " East Germany "), under control of the German Communist Party.