* Quantum indeterminacy

A famous example, Schrödinger's cat ( 1935 ), presents a cat that might be alive or dead, depending on an earlier Quantum indeterminacy | random event.

Quantum indeterminacy means that these states cannot in general be measured without disturbing the original state ( see No cloning theorem ).

Quantum indeterminacy is the apparent necessary incompleteness in the description of a physical system, that has become one of the characteristics of the standard description of quantum physics.

Quantum indeterminacy can be quantitatively characterized by a probability distribution on the set of outcomes of measurements of an observable.

Quantum indeterminacy can also be illustrated in terms of a particle with a definitely measured momentum for which there must be a fundamental limit to how precisely its location can be specified.

* Quantum indeterminacy

* Quantum indeterminacy

* Quantum indeterminacy

* Quantum indeterminacy

* Quantum indeterminacy

Quantum nonlocality is often proposed as a mechanism for superluminal communication.

Quantum oscillations is another experimental technique where high magnetic fields are used to study material properties such as the geometry of the fermi surface.

Quantum brute force is easily defeated by doubling the key length, which has little extra computational cost in ordinary use.

According to a poll at a Quantum Mechanics workshop in 1997 ,< ref > the Copenhagen interpretation is the most widely-accepted specific interpretation of quantum mechanics, followed by the many-worlds interpretation.

Quantum mechanics under the Copenhagen Interpretation interpreted probability as a physical phenomenon, which is what Jaynes called a Mind Projection Fallacy.

A similar view is adopted in Quantum Information Theories.

This has been demonstrated in the famous Lamb-Retherford experiment and was the starting point for the development of the theory of Quantum electrodynamics ( which is able to deal with these vacuum fluctuations and employs the famous Feynman diagrams for approximations using perturbation theory ).

Bernard d ' Espagnat a French theoretical physicist best known for his work on the nature of reality wrote a paper titled The Quantum Theory and Reality according to the paper: " The doctrine that the world is made up of objects whose existence is independent of human consciousness turns out to be in conflict with quantum mechanics and with facts established by experiment.

" In an article in the Guardian titled Quantum weirdness: What we call ' reality ' is just a state of mind d ' Espagnat wrote that:

A more advanced Quantum II Hyperdrive introduced later is able to cover the same distance in one and a quarter minutes ( 420, 768 x c ).

In Niven's novel Ringworld's Children the Ringworld itself is converted into a gigantic Quantum II hyperdrive and launched into hyperspace while within its star's gravity well.

Quantum mechanics is of a wider scope, as it encompasses classical mechanics as a sub-discipline which applies under certain restricted circumstances.

Quantum mechanics has superseded classical mechanics at the foundational level and is indispensable for the explanation and prediction of processes at molecular and ( sub ) atomic level.

Quantum mechanics is a set of principles describing physical reality at the atomic level of matter ( molecules and atoms ) and the subatomic ( electrons, protons, and even smaller particles ).

Although Schrödinger himself after a year proved the equivalence of his wave-mechanics and Heisenberg's matrix mechanics, the reconciliation of the two approaches and their modern abstraction as motions in Hilbert space is generally attributed to Paul Dirac, who wrote a lucid account in his 1930 classic Principles of Quantum Mechanics.

The first complete mathematical formulation of this approach is generally credited to John von Neumann's 1932 book Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, although Hermann Weyl had already referred to Hilbert spaces ( which he called unitary spaces ) in his 1927 classic paper and book.

Quantum field theory has driven the development of more sophisticated formulations of quantum mechanics, of which the one presented here is a simple special case.

Physicist Lee Smolin writes in Three Roads to Quantum Gravity that topos theory is " the right form of logic for cosmology " ( page 30 ) and " In its first forms it was called ' intuitionistic logic '" ( page 31 ).

* Quantum mechanics: In quantum mechanics, which deals with the behavior of very small objects, it is not possible to observe a system without changing the system, and the " observer " must be considered part of the system being observed.

Quantum mechanics ( QM – also known as quantum physics, or quantum theory ) is a branch of physics dealing with physical phenomena at microscopic scales, where the action is on the order of the Planck constant.

Planck is considered the father of the Quantum Theory

Quantum mechanics is essential to understanding the behavior of systems at atomic length scales and smaller.

Quantum coherence is an essential difference between classical and quantum theories, and is illustrated by the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox.

In his article entitled " Criticism and Counterproposals to the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Theory ," countering the view of Alexandrov that ( in Heisenberg's paraphrase ) " the wave function in configuration space characterizes the objective state of the electron.

* Quantum chemistry and solid state physics software supporting several methods.

The idea of MWI originated in Everett's Princeton Ph. D. thesis " The Theory of the Universal Wavefunction ", developed under his thesis advisor John Archibald Wheeler, a shorter summary of which was published in 1957 entitled " Relative State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics " ( Wheeler contributed the title " relative state "; Everett originally called his approach the " Correlation Interpretation ", where " correlation " refers to quantum entanglement ).

* Quantum state

Quantum computers share theoretical similarities with non-deterministic and probabilistic computers, like the ability to be in more than one state simultaneously.

Quantum mechanically, we measure the three-qubit state, which is equivalent to collapsing the quantum state down to a classical distribution ( with the coefficients in the classical state being the squared magnitudes of the coefficients for the quantum state, as described above ), followed by sampling from that distribution.

* Chemistry: Molecular theory — Kinetic theory of gases — Molecular orbital theory — Valence bond theory — Transition state theory — RRKM theory — Chemical graph theory — Flory-Huggins solution theory — Marcus theory — Lewis theory ( successor to Brønsted – Lowry acid – base theory ) — HSAB theory — Debye – Hückel theory — Thermodynamic theory of polymer elasticity — Reptation theory — Polymer field theory — Møller – Plesset perturbation theory — Density Functional Theory — Frontier molecular orbital theory — Polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory — Baeyer strain theory — Quantum theory of atoms in molecules — Collision theory — Ligand field theory ( successor to Crystal field theory ) — Variational Transition State Theory — Benson group increment theory — Specific ion interaction theory

* Quantum Zeno effect, an effect in quantum mechanics which disallows certain conditions in the decaying of a quantum state

This is a derivation of the Quantum Hall state of matter.

Quantum mechanically, this can be described as an excitation to a higher energy state and then a return to a lower energy state accompanied by the emission of a photon.

* Quantum state intentionally altered in molecule

* Quantum state in macroscopic object

Quantum mechanics is also not " local ", essentially because the state of a system is described by the Hilbert vector, which includes the value at every site,.

Quantum information specifies the complete quantum state vector ( or equivalently, wavefunction ) of a system, whereas classical information, roughly speaking, only picks out a definite ( pure ) quantum state if we are already given a prespecified set of distinguishable ( orthogonal ) quantum states to choose from ; such a set forms a basis for the vector space of all the possible pure quantum states ( see pure state ).

Quantum information could thus be expressed by providing ( 1 ) a choice of a basis such that the actual quantum state is equal to one of the basis vectors, together with ( 2 ) the classical information specifying which of these basis vectors is the actual one.

* Quantum state, in physics, the state of a quantum mechanical system given by a vector in the underlying Hilbert space