Renaissance architects included Alberti, Brunelleschi and Bramante. Many of these artists came from Florence and it remained an important centre for the Renaissance into the 16th century eventually to be overtaken by Rome and Venice.

Roma: Il Veltro, pp. 441 ( Translated from: The World of Aldus Manutius: Business and Scholarship in Renaissance Venice, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1979 ).

* Davies, Martin ( 1995 ) Aldus Manutius: printer and publisher of Renaissance Venice.

During the 16th century Italian Renaissance, the Questione della lingua was the discussion on the status and ideal form of the Italian language, initiated by Dante's de vulgari eloquentia ( Pietro Bembo, Prose della volgar lingua Venice 1525 ).

The earliest known explicit Renaissance depiction is one of the many woodcut illustrations to Hypnerotomachia Poliphili, a book published in Venice in 1499.

The Republic of Venice was a major maritime power during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, and a staging area for the Crusades and the Battle of Lepanto, as well as a very important center of commerce ( especially silk, grain, and spice ) and art in the 13th century up to the end of the 17th century.

Venice began to lose its position as a center of international trade during the later part of the Renaissance as Portugal became Europe's principal intermediary in the trade with the East, striking at the very foundation of Venice's great wealth, while France and Spain fought for hegemony over Italy in the Italian Wars, marginalising its political influence.

In the Middle-Ages and the Renaissance, Venice was a major centre for commerce and trade, as it controlled a vast sea-empire, and became an extremely wealthy European city, a leader in political and economic affairs and a centre for trade and commerce.

* In Sarah Dunant's In the Company of the Courtesan, Fiammetta Bianchini, a renowned courtesan of Rome, and her sharp-witted dwarf rise to success among the intrigue and secrets of Renaissance Venice.

Francesco Foscari ( 1373 – 1 November 1457 ) was doge of Venice from 1423 to 1457, at the inception of the Italian Renaissance.

For example, in The Winter's Tale ( 1906 ), there was a woodland glade with a shepherd's cottage and babbling brook ; in The Tempest ( 1904 ), a replica of a sixteenth-century vessel was tossed in a storm ; in The Merchant of Venice ( 1908 ), he recreated an authentic Renaissance ghetto.

During the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, neither England nor the main maritime provinces of the Low Countries, Flanders and Holland, had been major European sea powers on par with Venice, Genoa, Portugal, Castile or Aragon.

Giorgione (; born Giorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco ; c. 1477 / 8 – 1510 ) was a Venetian painter of the High Renaissance in Venice, whose career was cut off by his death at a little over thirty.

Half-length paintings of the Madonna and Child are also common in Italian Renaissance painting, particularly in Venice.

In Venice, these books were kept in an abbey whose library henceforth " sparked the Renaissance ", inspired " Leonardo and Michelangelo ", and motivated Marco Polo and his father to journey to the Orient, paying back the library by adding the Great Books from Kublai Khan's Empire of Cathay to it upon Marco's return.

Jacopo was one of the founders of the Renaissance style of painting in Venice and northern Italy.

First published in Venice in 1499, in an elegant page layout, with refined woodcut illustrations in an Early Renaissance style, Hypnerotomachia Poliphili presents a mysterious arcane allegory in which Poliphilo pursues his love Polia through a dreamlike landscape, and is, seemingly, at last reconciled with her by the Fountain of Venus.

Mauro Codussi's Chiesa di San Michele in Isola of 1469, the first Renaissance church in Venice, and a monastery lie on the island, which also served for a time as a prison.

Paolo Veronese ( 1528 – 19 April 1588 ) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance in Venice, famous for paintings such as The Wedding at Cana and The Feast in the House of Levi.

( 1984 ) Venice and the Defense of Republican Liberty: Renaissance Values in the Age of the Counter-Reformation

recovery of lost Greek classics, and to a lesser extent independent Arab contributions, played an important part in the revitalization of medieval philosophy in the Renaissance of the 12th century, just as the refugee Greek scholars who migrated to Italy during the onslaught of the Ottomans against the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century were important in sparking the new linguistic studies of the Renaissance, in newly created academies in Florence and Venice.

He was hired by the Venice | Venetians to fight against the Ottoman Empire | Turks ( unsuccessfully ) in 1465, and was patron of Leone Battista Alberti, whose Tempio Malatestiano at Rimini is one of the first entirely classical buildings of the Renaissance.

In 45 minutes, the Gallery leaders had given the students a quick rundown on art from the Renaissance to the late 19th Century.

But by the 1500s Mannerism had overtaken the Renaissance and it was this style that caught on in Europe.

People can appreciate a Renaissance Madonna for aesthetic reasons, but such objects often had ( and sometimes still have ) specific devotional functions.

Not all Medieval writers are so at odds with the Virgilian standard, and with the rediscovery of classical literature later Medieval and Renaissance writers are far more orthodox, but by then the form had become an academic exercise.

Between 1546 and 1577, the House of Wittelsbach had the Dachau Palace erected in the Renaissance style.

However, " his plays continued to be applauded even after those of Aeschylus and Sophocles had come to seem remote and irrelevant ", they became school classics in the Hellenistic period ( as mentioned in the introduction ) and, due to Seneca's adaptation of his work for Roman audiences, " it was Euripides, not Aeschylus or Sophocles, whose tragic muse presided over the rebirth of tragedy in Renaissance Europe.

In the Middle Ages, the term was widely used to denote any works in canonic style ; by the Renaissance, it had come to denote specifically imitative works.

The Renaissance saw the continuation of interest in magic that had been found in the Mediaeval period, and in this period, there was an increased interest in Hermeticism amongst occultists and ceremonial magicians in Europe, largely fuelled by the 1471 translation of the ancient Corpus hermeticum into Latin by Marsilio Ficino ( 1433 – 1499 ).

The idea of demonology had remained strong in the Renaissance, and several demonological grimoires were published, including The Fourth Book of Occult Philosophy which falsely claimed to having been authored by Agrippa, and the Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, which listed sixty-nine different demons.

Having already acculturated various aspects of Hellenic culture, ancient writers and up through the 17th century such as Francis Bacon and other Renaissance writers called them " Gallo-Graeci ", " Gauls settled among the Greeks " and the country " Gallo-Graecia ", as had the 3rd century AD Latin historian Justin.

He has had a lasting influence on the development of church music, and his work has often been seen as the culmination of Renaissance polyphony.

It is only recently, with the discovery and publication of a great deal of hitherto unknown or forgotten music by various Renaissance composers, that we have had the means to properly assess Palestrina in historical context.

At the same time, Renaissance humanism, with its universal values and emphasis on scholarship ( as exemplified by Erasmus, the " prince of humanism "), had taken root in the country.

European harps in medieval and Renaissance times usually had a bray pin fitted to make a buzzing sound when a string was plucked.

Scenes from ancient history had been popular in the early Renaissance, and once again became common in the Baroque and Rococo periods, and still more so with the rise of Neoclassicism.

By the end of the Renaissance the number of courses had grown to ten, and during the Baroque era the number continued to grow until it reached 14 ( and occasionally as many as 19 ).

The human misery of crowded industrial cities, as well as, on the other hand, the new possibilities created by science, brought changes that would shake European civilization, which had, until then, regarded itself as having a continuous and progressive line of development from the Renaissance.

These artists had matured under the influence of the High Renaissance, and their style has been characterized as a reaction or exaggerated extension of it.

This building had stood on the market place since the 13th century, but it was destroyed in the Thirty Years ' War ; the new town hall was built in a Renaissance style influenced by Dutch architecture.

The transition began with Early Netherlandish painting in northern Europe, and by the height of the Renaissance oil painting techniques had almost completely replaced tempera paints in the majority of Europe.

Although parchment never stopped being used ( primarily for governmental documents and diplomas ) it had ceased to be a primary choice for artist's supports by the end of 15th century Renaissance.

As Pope Leo X ( 1513 – 21 ) indicates the manner in which the Papacy might have been reconciled with the Renaissance had the Reformation never taken place, so Ganganelli exemplifies the type of Pope which the modern world might have learned to accept if the movement towards free thought could, as Voltaire wished, have been confined to the aristocracy of intellect.

He saw in the Renaissance the emergence of the modern spirit of individuality, which had been stifled in the Middle Ages.

Finally, Joan Kelly argued that the Renaissance led to greater gender dichotomy, lessening the agency women had had during the Middle Ages.