* Adrian von Walenburch ( died 1669 ), auxiliary bishop of Cologne and controversial Dutch Roman Catholic theologian

In the Roman Catholic Church this term is applied to all non-metropolitan bishops ( that is, diocesan bishops of dioceses within a metropolitan's province, and auxiliary bishops ).

The Roman inhabitants sought reinforcements from the procurator, Catus Decianus, but he sent only two hundred auxiliary troops.

Tombstone of a Roman auxiliary trooper from Cologne, Germany.

Reenactor as a Roman Auxiliaries ( Roman military ) | auxiliary cavalryman.

Upon the death of Deiotarus, the Kingdom of Galatia was given to Amyntas, an auxiliary commander in the Roman army of Brutus and Cassius who gained the favor of Mark Antony.

The Roman army ( for most of the Imperial period ) consisted mostly of " auxiliary " cohorts who provided additional infantry, and the vast majority of the Roman army's cavalry.

* List of Roman auxiliary regiments

Arminius and Flavus, sons of Segimer, are brought into the Roman army as leaders of the auxiliary troops.

* Spartacus was a Thracian auxiliary soldier in the Roman army who deserted but was captured and then enslaved by the Romans.

Vindolanda was a Roman auxiliary fort ( castrum ) just south of Hadrian's Wall in northern England.

The garrison were auxiliary infantry or cavalry units, not components of Roman legions.

While evidence of settlement at present-day Wiesbaden dates back to the Neolithic era, historical records document continuous occupancy after the erection of a Roman fort in 6 AD which housed an auxiliary cavalry unit.

They are installed as foederati in Moesia and Thrace with the title of " Allies of the Roman People ", in exchange that they furnish a contingent of auxiliary troops to defend the borders.

The Romans built Leucarum, a rectangular or trapezoidal fort at the mouth of the River Loughor in the late 1st century to house a regiment of Roman auxiliary troops.

As one or both were under the command of Bacurius the Iberian, these may have been allied auxiliary troops from Iberia ( modern Georgia ) rather than Roman.

Before the introduction of firearms, bows or crossbows were often used — Saint Sebastian is usually depicted as executed by a squad of Roman auxiliary archers in around 288 AD ; King Edmund the Martyr of East Anglia, by some accounts, was tied to a tree and shot dead by Viking archers on 20 November 869 or 870 AD.

It contained altars dedicated by the commanders and men of all three units known to be stationed at Housesteads to the god Mars Thincsus, the Romanized aspect of a Teutonic god, a common occurrence among the Roman auxiliary units.

Besides the usual Roman troops and auxiliary units that would appear in any Roman army Flamininus's forces also included soldiers from the allied Aetolian League, light infantry from Athamania, mercenary archers from Crete, and elephants and Numidian cavalry from King Masinissa of Numidia.

At first this was granted very selectively: to the council members of certain classes of towns, whom Roman practice made citizens ; to veterans, either legionaries or soldiers in auxiliary units ; and to a number of natives whose patrons were able to obtain it for them.

The principal handicaps were that they could not own land with a Latin title, serve as a legionary in the army ( although they could serve in an auxiliary unit, and become a Roman citizen upon discharge ), and, in general, inherit from a Roman citizen.

When the Roman infantry became entangled in combat with his army, the hidden ambush force attacked the legionnaires in the rear.

A Bastarnae host, which had crossed the Danube to assist the Histrians, promptly attacked, surrounded and massacred the Roman infantry, capturing several of their vexilla ( military standards ).

Among ancient sources, the poet Simonides, another near-contemporary, says the campaign force numbered 200, 000 ; while a later writer, the Roman Cornelius Nepos estimates 200, 000 infantry and 10, 000 cavalry, of which only 100, 000 fought in the battle, while the rest were loaded into the fleet that was rounding Cape Sounion ; Plutarch and Pausanias both independently give 300, 000, as does the Suda dictionary.

For the most part, Roman cavalry during the Republic functioned as an adjunct to the legionary infantry and formed only one-fifth of the showing force.

The decline of the Roman infrastructure made it more difficult to field large infantry forces, and during the 4th and 5th centuries cavalry began to take a more dominant role on the European battlefield, also in part made possible by the appearance of new, larger breeds of horses.

Early light cavalry ( like the auxiliaries of the Roman army ) were typically used to scout and skirmish, to cut down retreating infantry, and for defeating enemy missile troops.

Narseh retreated to Armenia to fight Galerius ' force, to Narseh's disadvantage ; the rugged Armenian terrain was favorable to Roman infantry, but unfavorable to Sassanid cavalry.

Arminius initially lured Germanicus ' cavalry into a trap and inflicted minor casualties, until successful fighting by the Roman infantry caused the Germans to break and flee into the forest.

He was also titled " magister equitum et peditum " (" Master of the Horse and of Foot "), placing him in charge of both the cavalry and infantry forces of the Western Roman Empire.

The HRE army was half Polish / Lithuanian Commonwealth forces, mostly cavalry, and half Holy Roman Empire forces ( German / Austrian ), mostly infantry.

Thus, only those who could afford such weaponry fought as hoplites ; as with the Roman Republican army it was the middle classes who formed the bulk of the infantry.

There, in December of the same year, Hannibal had an opportunity to show his masterful military skill at Trebia ; where after wearing down the superior Roman infantry he then cut it to pieces with a surprise attack and ambush from the flanks.

In contrast, the Roman army and Persian army at the time both had large numbers of heavy infantry and heavy cavalry ( cataphracts and clibanarii ) that were better equipped, heavily protected, and more experienced and disciplined.

This innovative Roman tactic reduced the Carthaginian navy's advantage in ship-to-ship engagements, and allowed Rome's superior infantry to be brought to bear in naval conflicts.

For most of the Roman Imperial period, the legions were a part of the Imperial army and formed its elite heavy infantry, recruited exclusively from Roman citizens ( provincials who aspired to the citizenship gained it when honorably discharged from the auxiliaries ).

It was almost always accompanied by one or more attached units of auxiliaries, who were not Roman citizens and provided cavalry, ranged troops and skirmishers to complement the legion's heavy infantry.

In addition to the elite palatini, other legions called comitatenses and pseudocomitatenses, along with the auxilia palatina, provided the infantry of late Roman armies.

* The influence of Roman military and civic culture, as embodied particularly in the heavy infantry legion, gave the Roman military consistent motivation and cohesion.

* For a more detailed analysis, as well as the Romans in battle, see the articles Roman infantry tactics and Roman military personal equipment.

The Bastarnae provided the casus belli by crossing the Haemus and attacking the Dentheletae, a Thracian tribe who were Roman allies.

Just as Belgrade was falling to Imperial forces under Max Emmanuel in the east, French troops in the west were crossing the Rhine into the Holy Roman Empire.

During their brief diversion from the Eastern Roman Empire, the Huns appear to have threatened tribes further west, as evidenced by Radagaisus ' entering Italy at the end of 405 and the crossing of the Rhine into Gaul by Vandals, Sueves, and Alans in 406.

After outmaneuvering the natives, who had tried to prevent his crossing, Hannibal evaded a Roman force marching from the Mediterranean coast by turning inland up the valley of the Rhône.

After crossing the Pyrenees in 409, a group of Marcomanni, Quadi and Buri, established themselves in the Roman province of Gallaecia ( modern Galicia and northern Portugal ), where they were considered foederati and founded the Suebi Kingdom of Gallaecia.

According to Roman tradition, Hannibal had been made to swear by his father never to be a friend of Rome, and he certainly did not take a conciliatory attitude when the Romans berated him for crossing the river Iberus ( Ebro ) which Carthage was bound by treaty not to cross.

The war is marked by Hannibal's surprising overland journey and his costly crossing of the Alps, followed by his reinforcement by Gaulish allies and crushing victories over Roman armies in the battle of the Trebia and the giant ambush at Trasimene.

After Emperor Constantine ’ s reforms in AD 318, the border between Gaul and Italy ( two of the four praetorian prefectures of the Roman Empire ) was located east of Turicum, crossing the River Linth between Lake Walen and Lake Zurich, where a castle and garrison looked over Turicum ’ s safety.

They establish a Roman fort to guard the crossing of the River Stour.

Hannibal makes his famous Alpine crossing to invade Italy, the Roman heartland.

The result is that the Cathedral reflects a hodgepodge of architectural styles, with a Gothic nave, a Romanesque crossing under the dome ; chapels in French, English and Spanish Gothic styles, as well as Norman and Byzantine ; Gothic choir stalls, and Roman arches and columns separating the high altar and ambulatory.

There has been a crossing of the River Thames at Staines since Roman times.

* Parthian invasion into Roman Syria ; Publius Ventidius Bassus defeats Pacorus, at the crossing of the Euphrates in the Battle of Cyrrhestica.

The city has been strategically significant since at least the Roman occupation of Britain, due to its naturally defensible crag and tail hill ( latterly the site of Stirling Castle ), and its commanding position at the foot of the Ochil Hills on the border between the Lowlands and Highlands, at the lowest crossing point of the River Forth.

Charles the Bald died in 877 crossing the Pass of Mont Cenis, and was succeeded by his son, Louis the Stammerer as King of the Western Franks, but the title of Holy Roman Emperor lapsed.

Approximately to the northeast of the town centre is Beacon Hill Wood ( owned by the Woodland Trust ), which is at the crossing of the Fosse Way and another Roman road which runs along the top of the Mendip Hills, and which contains a number of tumuli.

After crossing the Pyrenees in 409, a group of Quadi, Marcomanni, and Buri, established themselves in the Roman province of Gallaecia ( modern Galicia and northern Portugal ), where they were considered foederati, and founded the Suebi kingdom of Gallaecia.

He was killed in battle late in 406, shortly before his people forced a crossing of the Rhine River into the territory of the Roman Empire.

A group of Roman troops, who had been separated from the main body by the fog during the channel crossing, caught up with the remnants of Allectus's men, mostly Franks, at Londinium ( London ), and massacred them.

Its early history is unclear, but may have been founded in the 11th century on the site of a Roman fort overlooking a crossing of the River Lune.

In 79 AD, a Roman fort was built at Lancaster on a hill commanding a crossing over the River Lune.

There was a river crossing called Snake Hill Ford across the Calder – believed to have formed part of the Roman route between Wakefield and Manchester.

By the time of the early Roman Empire, especially after Rome's conquest of Egypt in 30 BCE, open-ocean crossing of the Arabian Sea redirect to southern India's Malabar Coast was near routine.

Cleveland Bridge was built in 1826 by William Hazledine, owner of the Coalbrookdale Ironworks, with Henry Goodridge as the architect, on the site of a Roman ferry crossing.