Following his death and the organisational deterioration of his empire, Asia Minor was ruled by a series of Hellenistic kingdoms which came under Roman control two hundred years later.

Two hundred years later western and central Anatolia came under Roman control, but it continued to be strongly influenced by Hellenistic culture.

* 286 – Emperor Diocletian elevates his general Maximian to co-emperor with the rank of Augustus and gives him control over the Western regions of the Roman Empire.

* 30 BC – Octavian ( later known as Augustus ) enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Republic.

Roman control of Britain finally ended in the early part of the 5th century ; the date usually given as marking the end of Roman Britain is 410, when the Emperor Honorius sent letters to the British, urging them to look to their own defence.

By the 5th century AD, Rome was in decline and the Roman predecessor town of Alicante, known as Lucentum ( Latin ), was more or less under the control of the Visigothic warlord Theudimer.

It was a state of the Holy Roman Empire for some time, probably starting at 1161 / 1165, but never managed to gain control over a significant territory, being overshadowed by the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which was originally seated in the same city.

The crisis caused the Emperor Nero to consider withdrawing all Roman forces from Britain, but Suetonius ' eventual victory over Boudica re-secured Roman control of the province.

They initially were not part of the territory under direct Roman control, having voluntarily allied themselves to Rome following Claudius ' conquest of AD 43.

It was a 5-bit code, with equal on and off intervals, which allowed telegraph transmission of the Roman alphabet and punctuation and control signals.

Thus, Octavian's victory at the Battle of Actium gave him sole and uncontested control of " Mare Nostrum " ( Our Sea i. e. the Roman Mediterannean ) and he became " Augustus Caesar " and the " first citizen " of Rome.

He realized the importance of the Roman Catholic Church as a bastion of loyalty, legitimacy, social control, and stability, as had been the case in the colonial period.

It brought to an end the first phase of the power struggle between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Emperors and has been interpreted as containing within itself the germ of nation-based sovereignty that would one day be confirmed in the Treaty of Westphalia ( 1648 ); in part this was an unforeseen result of strategic maneuvering between the Church and the European sovereigns over political control within their domains.

The Pope emerged as a figure above and out of the direct control of the Holy Roman Emperor.

In Roman mythology, Diana ( lt. " heavenly " or " divine ") was the goddess of the hunt and moon and birthing, being associated with wild animals and woodland, and having the power to talk to and control animals.

The conditions of the resulting Peace of Nisibis were heavy ; Armenia returned to Roman domination, with the fort of Ziatha as its border ; Caucasian Iberia would pay allegiance to Rome under a Roman appointee ; Nisibis, now under Roman rule, would become the sole conduit for trade between Persia and Rome ; and Rome would exercise control over the five satrapies between the Tigris and Armenia: Ingilene, Sophanene ( Sophene ), Arzanene ( Aghdznik ), Corduene ( Carduene ), and Zabdicene ( near modern Hakkâri, Turkey ).

Many cities east of the Tigris came under Roman control, including Tigranokert, Saird, Martyropolis, Balalesa, Moxos, Daudia, and Arzan – though under what status is unclear.

* Czech, mainly during the reign of Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV but also during other periods of Bohemian control over the HRE.

It was a 5-bit code, with equal on and off intervals, which allowed telegraph transmission of the Roman alphabet, punctuation and control signals.

After the decline of the Roman Empire, a Germanic tribe known as the Franks took control of Gaul by defeating competing tribes.

Lacking a strong general to control the by-now mostly barbarian Roman Army, Honorius could do little to attack Alaric's forces directly, and apparently adopted the only strategy he could in the situation: wait passively for the Visigoths to grow weary and spend the time marshalling what forces he could.

The Dying Gaul c. 230 BC, a Roman copy of a Greek statue commemorating the victory over the Celtic Galatia ns in Anatolia.

The river's name may be attested to in the Gaulish ( Helvetic ) Berne zinc tablet which dates back to Roman Gaul.

* 357 – Battle of Strasbourg: Julian, Caesar ( deputy emperor ) and supreme commander of the Roman army in Gaul, wins an important victory against the Alemanni at Strasbourg ( Argentoratum ).

* Roman Gaul, after Julius Caesar's conquest of 58 – 51 BC that consisted of five provinces

From Roman to Merovingian Gaul.

After a series of wars they were decisively beaten by the Romans in a battle near Mutina ( Modena ) and their territory became part of the Roman province of Cisalpine Gaul.

While of the other the tribes who had come to Italy along with the Boii, the Senones, Lingones and Cenomani are also attested in Gaul at the time of the Roman conquest, there is no such clear evidence for the Boii in Gaul.

Jerome's first revision of the Itala ( A. D. 383 ), known as the Roman, is still used at St Peter's in Rome, but the " Gallican ", thanks especially to St Gregory of Tours, who introduced it into Gaul in the 6th century, has ousted it everywhere else.

He was born at Lugdunum in Gaul and was the first Roman Emperor to be born outside Italy.

It is believed that the Roman Republic first came into contact with mail fighting the Gauls in Cisalpine Gaul, now Northern Italy.

In the meantime, Julian had won some victories against the Alemanni tribe, who had once again invaded Roman Gaul.

Sculptural reliefs from Roman Gaul depict the use of crossbows in hunting scenes.

Divine representations of the Cernunnos type are exceptions to the often-expressed view that the Celts only began to picture their gods in human form after the Roman conquest of Gaul.

First, Germania was a geographical area of land on the east bank of the Rhine from Gaul, and outside Roman control.

Wooden casks were a characteristic of Gaul and Northern Italy, and were not commonly used for wine in the Roman empire until after 300 CE ; whereas wine in 1st century Palestine was always stored in wineskins and jars ( amphorae ).

The large all Gaulish colony became known as " Gallia " of the East, Roman writers calling its inhabitants Galli ( Gaul or Celt ).

The concept of Germany as a distinct region in central Europe can be traced to Roman commander Julius Caesar, who referred to the unconquered area east of the Rhine as Germania, thus distinguishing it from Gaul ( France ), which he had conquered.

The collapse of the Western Roman Empire did not lead to the same wholesale destruction of Western classical society as happened in areas like Roman Britain, Gaul and Germania Inferior during the Dark Ages, although the institutions, infrastructure and economy did suffer considerable degradation.

During their brief diversion from the Eastern Roman Empire, the Huns appear to have threatened tribes further west, as evidenced by Radagaisus ' entering Italy at the end of 405 and the crossing of the Rhine into Gaul by Vandals, Sueves, and Alans in 406.

Although a tactical defeat for Attila, thwarting his invasion of Gaul and forcing his retreat back to non-Roman lands, the macrohistorical significance of the allied and Roman victory is a matter of debate.

Roman villa in Gaul sacked by the hordes of Attila the Hun.

The first direct Roman contact came when the Roman general and future dictator, Julius Caesar, made two expeditions to Britain in 55 and 54 BC as an offshoot of his conquest of Gaul, believing the Britons had been helping the Gallic resistance.