He concludes by critiquing Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Edmund Burke.

In the last chapter of the Social Contract, Rousseau would ask " What is to be done?

" Paranoia and Modernity: Cervantes to Rousseau ( Cornell UP, 2006 ), chapter 7.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau coined the term in chapter 8, book 4 of The Social Contract ( 1762 ), to describe what he regarded as the moral and spiritual foundation essential for any modern society.

Mary Wollstonecraft, for example, dedicated a substantial portion of her chapter “ Animadversions on Some of the Writers who have Rendered Women Objects of Pity, Bordering on Contempt ” in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ( 1792 ) to attacking Rousseau and his arguments.

Rousseau, in On The Social Contract ( in book 4, chapter 8 ), echoed this, saying that " I am mistaken in saying ' a Christian republic '; the two words are mutually exclusive .".

Yet, after Rousseau had given the social contract a new twist with his notion of the General Will, the same philosophy, it may be said, became the idea source of the French Revolution also.

Such was the impromptu that Voltaire gave to howls of laughter at Sans Souci and that was soon circulated in manuscript throughout the literary circles of Europe, to be printed sometime later, but with the name of Timon of Athens, the famous misanthrope, substituted for that of Rousseau.

But then one day, while on a week's visit to the country home of a retired Swiss jeweler, Rousseau amused the company with a few little melodies he had written, to which he attached no great importance.

Also famous as a prose stylist, Hume pioneered the essay as a literary genre and engaged with contemporary intellectual luminaries such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Adam Smith ( who acknowledged Hume's influence on his economics and political philosophy ), James Boswell, Joseph Butler, and Thomas Reid.

He met and later fell out with Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

The Tao Te Ching focuses upon the beginnings of society, and describes a golden age in the past, comparable with the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Robespierre had realized what a tremendous propaganda tool these festivals were, and he decided to create a new religion, mixing moral ideas with the Republic, based on the ideas of Rousseau, with Robespierre as the new high priest.

Progressive education can be traced as far back as to the works of John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, with both being respectively known as paternal forerunners to the ideas that would be demonstrated by the likes of Dewey.

Museums, Theaters and other Cultural Sites: Conservatoire de musique at Place Neuve 5, Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques, Fonds cantonal d ' art contemporain, Ile Rousseau and statue, Institute and Museum of Voltaire with Library and Archives, Mallet House and Museum international de la Réforme, Musée Ariana, Musée d ' Art et d ' Histoire, Museum d ' art moderne et contemporain, Museum d ' ethnographie, Museum of the International Red Cross, Musée Rath, Muséum d ' histoire naturelle, Salle communale de Plainpalais et théâtre Pitoëff, Villa Bartholoni et Museum d ' Histoire et Sciences

When Rousseau was 10, his father, an avid hunter, got into a legal quarrel with a wealthy landowner on whose lands he had been caught trespassing.

Les Charmettes: where Rousseau lived with Françoise-Louise de Warens | Mme de Warens in 1735-6, now a museum dedicated to Rousseau

When Rousseau reached 20, De Warens took him as her lover, while intimate also with the steward of her house.

In 1742, Rousseau moved to Paris in order to present the Académie des Sciences with a new system of numbered musical notation he believed would make his fortune.

At first, they did not live together, though later Rousseau took Thérèse and her mother in to live with him as his servants, and himself assumed the burden of supporting her large family.

While in Paris, Rousseau became a close friend of French philosopher Diderot and, beginning with some articles on music in 1749, contributed numerous articles to Diderot and D ' Alembert's great Encyclopédie, the most famous of which was an article on political economy written in 1755.

According to Diderot, writing much later, Rousseau had originally intended to answer this in the conventional way, but his discussions with Diderot convinced him to propose the paradoxical negative answer that catapulted him into the public eye.

Rousseau as noted above, was an enthusiastic supporter of the Italians against Jean-Philippe Rameau and others, making an important contribution with his Letter on French Music.

Even with them, however, Rousseau went too far, courting rejection when he criticized the practice of tax farming, in which some of them engaged.

After his house in Môtiers was stoned on the night of 6 September 1765, Rousseau took refuge in Great Britain with Hume, who found lodgings for him at a friend's country estate in Wootton in Staffordshire.

In common with other philosophers of the day, Rousseau looked to a hypothetical State of Nature as a normative guide.

Rousseau asserted that the stage of human development associated with what he called " savages " was the best and most optimal in human development, between the less-than optimal extreme of brute animals on the one hand and the extreme of decadent civilization on the other.

" Referring to the stage of human development which Rousseau associates with savages, Rousseau writes:

How, for example, could a Voltaire understand the strange predicament in which a Rousseau would find himself when, soon after the furor of his first Discourse, he acquired still another title to fame??

Some scholars, for example A. Rousseau and L. Doutreleau, translators of the French edition ( 1974 ), consider that Irenaeus sometimes uses gnostikos to simply mean " intellectual ", as in 1. 25. 6, 1. 11. 3, 1. 11. 5, whereas his mention of " the intellectual sect " ( Adv.

In the 18th century the work was even called a satire, for example by Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

The importance of Machiavelli's influence is notable in many important figures in this endeavor, for example Bodin, Francis Bacon, Algernon Sidney, Harrington, John Milton, Spinoza, Rousseau, Hume, Edward Gibbon, and Adam Smith.

Denis Rousseau used polywater as a classic example of pathological science, and has since written on other examples as well.

The importance of Machiavelli's realism was noted by many important figures in this endeavor, for example Bodin, Francis Bacon, Descartes, Harrington, Rousseau, Hume and Adam Smith.

One influential example was the Patricia Court ( later Patricia Inn and now Patricia Grand Resort ) started in the 1930s but reaching importance in the late 1940s, built by Patricia Rousseau of North Wilkesboro, NC.

Whereas naïve art ideally describes the work of an artist who did not receive formal education in an art school or academy, for example Henri Rousseau or Alfred Wallis, ' pseudo naïve ' or ' faux naïve ' art describes the work of an artist working in a more imitative or self-conscious mode and whose work can be seen as more imitative than original.

' Their example and their writings had some influence later, both on the spiritual outlook of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and on Ann Lee, founder of the Shaker movement.

The Swiss philosophe Jean-Jacques Rousseau, for example, wrote a political tract, a treatise on education, constitutions for Poland and Corsica, an analysis of the effects of the theater on public morals, a best-selling novel, an opera, and a highly influential autobiography.

Rousseau claims at the end of the “ Profession ” that it is not “ a rule for the sentiments that one ought to follow in religious matters, but ... an example of the way one can reason with one ’ s pupil in order not to diverge from the method I have tried to establish.

For example, american mutualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker argued that Cercle Proudhon purposely misrepresented Proudhon's views, " Democracy is an easy mark for this new party, and it finds its chief delight in pounding the philosopher of democracy, Rousseau.

The hypothetical boy, Émile, is to be raised in the countryside, which, Rousseau believes, is a more natural and healthy environment than the city, under the guardianship of a tutor who will guide him through various learning experiences arranged by the tutor.

Philosophies proposed by the likes of Rousseau, Locke, and Descartes were evolving around the time when the boy was discovered in France in 1800.

# Long before the Emile ( Jean-Jacques Rousseau ) or Oliver Twist ( Charles Dickens ) or Huckleberry Finn the anonymous author of Lazarillo treated a boy as a boy, not a small adult.

Henri Rousseau was born in Laval, France in 1844 in the Loire Valley into the family of a tinsmith ; he was forced to work there as a young boy.