* Simek, Rudolf ( 1993 ).

Austrian Germanist Rudolf Simek says that Bifröst either means " the swaying road to heaven " ( also citing bifa ) or, if Bilröst is the original form of the two ( which Simek says is likely ), " the fleetingly glimpsed rainbow " ( possibly connected to bil, perhaps meaning " moment, weak point ").

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall.

" Rudolf Simek theorizes that the figure of Hel is " probably a very late personification of the underworld Hel ," and says that " the first kennings using the goddess Hel are found at the end of the 10th and in the 11th centuries.

" Frauen und Brakteaten-eine Skizze " in Mythological Women ', edited by Rudolf Simek and Wilhelm Heizmann, pp. 33 – 80.

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall.

Rudolf Simek notes that these horse heads gables can " still be seen today " ( from a 2007 edition of a work first published in 1984 ) and says that the horse head gables confirm that Hengist and Horsa were originally considered mythological, horse-shaped beings.

* Simek, Rudolf ( 1993 ) Dictionary of Northern Mythology ( D. S. Brewer ) ISBN 0-85991-513-1

The theory is complicated by the etymology of the name Svafrþorinn ( þorinn meaning " brave " and svafr means " gossip ") ( or possibly connects to sofa " sleep "), which Rudolf Simek says makes little sense when attempting to connect it to Njörðr.

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall.

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall.

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall.

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall.

Historians Rudolf Simek and Bruno Dumézil theorise that the Viking attacks may have been in response to the spread of Christianity among pagan peoples.

Professor Rudolf Simek believes that “ it is not a coincidence if the early Viking activity occurred during the reign of Charlemagne ”.

Professor Rudolf Simek confirms that " it is not a coincidence if the early Viking activity occurred during the reign of Charlemagne ".

Rudolf Simek theorizes that the survival of Líf and Lífþrasir through Ragnarök by hiding in Hoddmímis holt is " a case of reduplication of the anthropogeny, understandable from the cyclic nature of the Eddic escatology.

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall.

Scholar Rudolf Simek comments that the pagan Yule feast " had a pronounced religious character " and comments that " it is uncertain whether the Germanic Yule feast still had a function in the cult of the dead and in the veneration of the ancestors, a function which the mid-winter sacrifice certainly held for the West European Stone and Bronze Ages.

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall.

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall.

In 2010 Rudolf Simek, building on an analysis by Lotte Motz, argued that vanir was originally nothing more than a general term for deities like æsir, and that its employment as a distinct group of deities was Snorri's invention, and the Vanir are therefore " a figment of imagination from the 13th to 20th centuries ".

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ).

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2010 ).

Rudolf Simek states that " as the Idisi are supposed to have an influence in the outcome of a battle, similarities with the valkyries suggest themselves.

Rudolf Simek says that her name, Mist, is likely related to Old Norse mistr, meaning " cloud, mist ," and that this " reminds us of the way in which valkyries can ride through the air and over water ," such as in the Poetic Edda poems Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar and Helgakviða Hundingsbana II.

Its main competitors were the Bélinograf by Édouard Belin first, then since the 1930s the Hellschreiber, invented in 1929 by German inventor Rudolf Hell, a pioneer in mechanical image scanning and transmission.

The premiere was held in Vienna on 15 June 1938, with the Vienna Symphony Orchestra under Oswald Kabasta: the soloists were Rudolf Gerlach ( John ), Erika Rokyta, Enid Szantho, Anton Dermota, Josef von Manowarda and with Franz Schütz at the organ.

Depending on the version of the legend, the Jews in Prague were to be either expelled or killed under the rule of Rudolf II, the Holy Roman Emperor.

The shafts in the Queen's Chamber were explored in 1992 by the German engineer Rudolf Gantenbrink using a crawler robot of his own design which he called " Upuaut 2 ".

Important figures in the first years were – among others – Petra Kelly, Lukas Beckmann, Rudolf Bahro, Joseph Beuys, Antje Vollmer, Rudi Dutschke, Undine von Blottnitz, Joschka Fischer, Herbert Gruhl and Baldur Springmann.

Tied for second with 12 points were Aron Nimzowitsch and Rudolf Spielmann.

The conflict was not, so they thought, with Hitler, but with his lieutenants, Rudolf Hess, Julius Streicher and Hermann Esser, who, they said, were mismanaging the party in Hitler ’ s absence.

There is no evidence for this story except for the strong sympathy and devotion of both Sissy and Rudolf towards Hungary, its culture and national customs ( they were both fluent in Hungarian and regarded Hungarian poetry highly ).

Prominent Communists who became victims of these purges and were defendants in the Prague Trials included Rudolf Slánský, the party's general secretary, Vlado Clementis ( the Foreign Minister ) and Gustáv Husák ( the leader of an administrative body responsible for Slovakia ), who was dismissed from office for " bourgeois nationalism ".

Philosophers such as Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach, along with other members of the Vienna Circle, claimed that the truths of logic and mathematics were tautologies, and those of science were verifiable empirical claims.

While claims of racial bias in the writings of Rudolf Steiner and Alice Bailey were made, Bailey was firmly opposed to the Axis powers ; she believed that Adolf Hitler was possessed by the Dark Forces, and Steiner emphasized racial equality as a principle central to anthroposophical thought and humanity's progress.

In the early 1920s, three German cryptographers ( Werner Kunze, Rudolf Schauffler and Erich Langlotz ), who were involved in breaking such systems, realized that they could never be broken if a separate randomly chosen additive number was used for every code group.

Though Spain and the Emperor Rudolf II encouraged Alfonso II's illegitimate cousin, Cesare d ' Este, to withstand the Pope, they were deterred from giving him any material aid by Henry IV's threats, and a papal army entered Ferrara almost unopposed.

When the papacy instigated the Counter-Reformation, using agents sent to his court, Rudolf backed those who he thought were the most neutral in the debate, not taking a side or trying to effect restraint, thus leading to political chaos and threatening to provoke civil war.

Astrology and alchemy were mainstream science in Renaissance Prague, and Rudolf was a firm devotee of both.

* Mineral collecting Rudolf II was 16th century most famous mineral collector whose collection were curated by Anselmus de Boodt

Following the German takeover of Lwów in 1941 during Operation Barbarossa, all universities were closed and Banach, along with many colleagues and his son, was employed as lice feeder at Professor Rudolf Weigl's Typhus Research Institute.

The foundations of statistical thermodynamics were set out by physicists such as James Clerk Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann, Max Planck, Rudolf Clausius and J. Willard Gibbs.

Much to the consternation of their Spanish ruling cousins, the Habsburg emperors who followed Charles V ( especially Ferdinand I and Maximilian II, but also Rudolf II, and his successor Matthias ) were content for the princes of the Empire to choose their own religious policies.

Rudolf Lange, commander of Einsatzkommando 2 in Latvia, wrote that his orders were " a radical solution of the Jewish problem through the execution of all Jews ".

Within two years, Józef Ulam and the rest of his family were victims of the Holocaust, Steinhaus was in hiding, Kuratowski was lecturing at the underground university in Warsaw, Stożek and his two sons had been killed in the massacre of Lwów professors, Banach was surviving Nazi occupation by feeding lice at Rudolf Weigl's typhus research institute, and the last problem had been recorded in the Scottish Book.

Once these crucial facts were recognized, Rudolf Weigl in 1930 was able to fashion a practical and effective vaccine production method by grinding up the insides of infected lice that had been drinking blood.

In 1276 and 1280 Emperor Rudolf I codified the previously poorly defined rights of the city and granted it the privilege de non Evocando or the right that their citizens were protected from trial in foreign courts.