* Simek, Rudolf ( 1993 ).

Austrian Germanist Rudolf Simek says that Bifröst either means " the swaying road to heaven " ( also citing bifa ) or, if Bilröst is the original form of the two ( which Simek says is likely ), " the fleetingly glimpsed rainbow " ( possibly connected to bil, perhaps meaning " moment, weak point ").

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall.

" Frauen und Brakteaten-eine Skizze " in Mythological Women ', edited by Rudolf Simek and Wilhelm Heizmann, pp. 33 – 80.

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall.

Rudolf Simek notes that these horse heads gables can " still be seen today " ( from a 2007 edition of a work first published in 1984 ) and says that the horse head gables confirm that Hengist and Horsa were originally considered mythological, horse-shaped beings.

* Simek, Rudolf ( 1993 ) Dictionary of Northern Mythology ( D. S. Brewer ) ISBN 0-85991-513-1

The theory is complicated by the etymology of the name Svafrþorinn ( þorinn meaning " brave " and svafr means " gossip ") ( or possibly connects to sofa " sleep "), which Rudolf Simek says makes little sense when attempting to connect it to Njörðr.

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall.

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall.

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall.

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall.

Historians Rudolf Simek and Bruno Dumézil theorise that the Viking attacks may have been in response to the spread of Christianity among pagan peoples.

Professor Rudolf Simek believes that “ it is not a coincidence if the early Viking activity occurred during the reign of Charlemagne ”.

Professor Rudolf Simek confirms that " it is not a coincidence if the early Viking activity occurred during the reign of Charlemagne ".

Rudolf Simek theorizes that the survival of Líf and Lífþrasir through Ragnarök by hiding in Hoddmímis holt is " a case of reduplication of the anthropogeny, understandable from the cyclic nature of the Eddic escatology.

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall.

Scholar Rudolf Simek comments that the pagan Yule feast " had a pronounced religious character " and comments that " it is uncertain whether the Germanic Yule feast still had a function in the cult of the dead and in the veneration of the ancestors, a function which the mid-winter sacrifice certainly held for the West European Stone and Bronze Ages.

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall.

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall.

In 2010 Rudolf Simek, building on an analysis by Lotte Motz, argued that vanir was originally nothing more than a general term for deities like æsir, and that its employment as a distinct group of deities was Snorri's invention, and the Vanir are therefore " a figment of imagination from the 13th to 20th centuries ".

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2007 ).

* Simek, Rudolf ( 2010 ).

Scholar Rudolf Simek theorizes that Sif likely originated as a compliment to Thor through his fertility associations, and that the name Sif ( Simek provides the etymology " relation by marriage ") may have originally simply meant " the wife ( of Thor )".

Rudolf Simek theorizes that Snorri invented Naglfari but states that his reason for doing so is unknown.

Rudolf Simek theorizes that one of the two notions of Sessrúmnir ( as a ship or as a hall ) may come from a misunderstanding, as the meaning of the name can be understood in both cases as " space with many or roomy seats.

Rudolf Simek also theorizes that the name may be a kenning for the Moon.

Rudolf Simek theorizes that the survival of Líf and Lífþrasir is " a case of reduplication of the anthropogeny, understandable from the cyclic nature of the Eddic escatology.

Rudolf Simek theorizes that Snorri used skaldic kennings to produce his Gylfaginning commentary about the goddess, while combining several etymologies with the Old Norse personal name Lofn.

Rudolf Simek opines that sin cannot be related to the term sindr, while this would equal a " meaningful interpretation in regard to the colour ", he theorizes that a more likely interpretation is " the pale ( night -) mare ", noting that this would fit the wife of a fire jötunn.

" Simek notes that these issues have resulted in sometimes very different explanations ; Sophus Bugge and Hjalmar Falk saw a reflection of the Greek god Adonis in Óðr, Rudolf Much saw a reflection in the god Attis, and Lee Hollander theorizes a reflection of the folktale of Amor and Psyche in Snorri's Prose Edda account of Óðr and Freyja.

Rudolf Simek says that " it is not completely clear what role the stag played in Germanic religion " and theorizes that " the stag cult probably stood in some sort of connexion to Odin's endowment of the dignity of kings.

Rudolf Simek theorizes that Snorri assigned a horse to Heimdallr in an attempt to systematize the mythology.

Scholar Rudolf Simek theorizes that Auðr is the invention of Snorri, but says that Snorri's reason for doing so is unknown.

" Rudolf Simek agrees that Hlín seems to appear as another name for Frigg in Völuspá, and that in skaldic poetry Hlín was a well known mythological figure by the 10th century.

Lachmann, who was the translator of the first volume of PE Müller's Sagabibliothek des skandinavischen Altertums ( 1816 ), is a figure of considerable importance in the history of German philology ( see Rudolf von Raumer, Geschichte der germanischen Philologie, 1870 ).

Rudolf Bahro ( November 18, 1935 – December 5, 1997 ) was a dissident from East Germany who, since his death, has been recognised as a philosopher, political figure and author.

In World War II espionage, Rudolf Roessler ( Rößler ) ( b. 22 November 1897-d. 11 December 1958 ) was the central ( and mysterious ) figure in the Lucy spy ring.

There was a lively Jewish anarchist scene in London, a central figure of which was, perhaps ironically, the non-Jewish German thinker and writer Rudolf Rocker.

* BEST, Karl Rudolf Werner ( 1903 – 1989 ) Leading figure in the occupation of Denmark.

The most prominent figure from the period of " no quest " was Rudolf Bultmann.