Saponification of a triglyceride ( left ) with sodium hydroxide to give soap and glycerine ( right ).

Saponification is a process that produces soap, usually from fats and lye.

Saponification can occur in oil paintings over time, causing visible damage and deformation.

Saponification in oil paintings was first described in 1997.

Saponification does not occur in all oil paintings containing the right materials.

Saponification value ( or " saponification number "/" Koettstorfer number ", also referred to as " sap " in short ) represents the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to saponify 1g of fat under the conditions specified.

Table salt, or sodium chloride, has been used since antiquity.

The water contains a considerable percentage of common salt and other sodium salts and sulphur.

These results show that the composition of the salt, as anhydrous chlorides on a weight percentage basis, was calcium chloride ( CaCl < sub > 2 </ sub >) 14. 4 %, potassium chloride ( KCl ) 4. 4 %, magnesium chloride ( MgCl < sub > 2 </ sub >) 50. 8 % and sodium chloride ( common salt, NaCl ) 30. 4 %.

In comparison, the salt in the water of most oceans and seas is approximately 97 % sodium chloride.

When molten, the salt sodium chloride can be electrolyzed to yield metallic sodium and gaseous chlorine.

" It's typically a combination of salt and sodium nitrite, with the pink color added to distinguish it from ordinary salt.

Typical administration involves a pill or liquid containing sodium iodide ( NaI ) taken orally, which contains a small amount of iodine-131, amounting to perhaps less than a grain of salt.

For example, common table salt is sodium chloride.

Some structures are adopted by a number of compounds ; for example, the structure of the rock salt sodium chloride is also adopted by many alkali halides, and binary oxides such as MgO.

Today, the main ingredients of Marmite manufactured in the UK are glutamic acid-rich yeast extract, with lesser quantities of sodium chloride ( table salt ), vegetable extract, niacin, thiamine, spice extracts, riboflavin, folic acid, and celery extracts, although the precise composition is a trade secret.

The sodium ( salt ) content of the spread is high and has caused concern, but the amount per serving, not the percentage in bulk Marmite, is the significant factor.

* Sodium, a very common electrolyte ; not generally found in dietary supplements, despite being needed in large quantities, because the ion is very common in food: typically as sodium chloride, or common salt.

A big concern about the nutrition of potato chips is that because they are often made with salt, they may contain substantial levels of sodium.

However, it has been claimed that potato chips may actually contain less sodium / salt than the equivalent weight in corn flakes.

They combined their knowledge of pyroelectricity with their understanding of the underlying crystal structures that gave rise to pyroelectricity to predict crystal behavior, and demonstrated the effect using crystals of tourmaline, quartz, topaz, cane sugar, and Rochelle salt ( sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate ).

* Rock salt or halite, mineral form of sodium chloride

In 1 kg of rennet extract, there are about 0. 7 grams of active enzymes – the rest is water and salt and sometimes sodium benzoate, E211,

Many sodium compounds are useful, such as sodium hydroxide ( lye ) for soapmaking, and sodium chloride for use as a deicing agent and a nutrient ( edible salt ).

The sodium compounds that are the most important include table salt ( NaCl ), soda ash ( Na < sub > 2 </ sub > CO < sub > 3 </ sub >), baking soda ( NaHCO < sub > 3 </ sub >), caustic soda ( NaOH ), sodium nitrate ( NaNO < sub > 3 </ sub >), di-and tri-sodium phosphates, sodium thiosulfate ( Na < sub > 2 </ sub > S < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 3 </ sub >· 5H < sub > 2 </ sub > O ), and borax ( Na < sub > 2 </ sub > B < sub > 4 </ sub > O < sub > 7 </ sub >· 10H < sub > 2 </ sub > O ).

* active oxygen ( peroxides, such as peracetic acid, potassium persulfate, sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate, and urea perhydrate ),

For a few illustrative examples: German speakers use " Wasserstoff " ( water substance ) for " hydrogen ", " Sauerstoff " ( acid substance ) for " oxygen " and " Stickstoff " ( smothering substance ) for " nitrogen ", while English and some romance languages use " sodium " for " natrium " and " potassium " for " kalium ", and the French, Italians, Greeks, Portuguese and Poles prefer " azote / azot / azoto " ( from roots meaning " no life ") for " nitrogen ".

Thus sodium carbonate is basic, sodium bicarbonate is weakly basic, while carbon dioxide itself is a weak acid.

In the 17th century, Johann Rudolph Glauber produced hydrochloric acid and sodium sulfate by reacting sulfuric acid and sodium chloride.

With the development of the lead chamber process in 1746 and the Leblanc process, allowing large-scale production of sulfuric acid and sodium carbonate, respectively, chemical reactions became implemented into the industry.

This process will not occur except at extremely high voltages without an electrolyte such as sodium chloride or sulfuric acid ( most used 0. 1 M ).

In addition to sweeteners, the prepared commercial blends generally contain flavoring agents and other additives, such as adipic acid, fumaric acid, sodium citrate, and artificial flavorings and food colors.

aluminium sulfate, ammonia, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, carbon black, chlorine, hydrochloric acid, hydrogen, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphoric acid, sodium carbonate, sodium chlorate, sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate, sodium sulfate, sulfuric acid, and titanium dioxide.

The difficulty comes from the longer time period ( and expense ) required of nursing aides to give a gentle, water-based enema to a patient, as compared to the very few minutes it takes the same nursing aide to give the more irritating, cold, pre-packaged sodium phosphate unit.

Such situation with similar permeabilities for counter-acting ions, like potassium and sodium in animal cells, can be extremely costly for the cell if these permeabilities are relatively large, as it takes a lot of ATP energy to pump the ions back.

The process takes about one to two hours while blood is pulled into the machine, mixed with an anticoagulant such as sodium citrate, spun around, and returned to the donor.

* Thiazoles are formyl synthons ; conversion of R-thia to the R-CHO aldehyde takes place with, respectively, methyl iodide ( N-methylation ), organic reduction with sodium borohydride, and hydrolysis with Mercury ( II ) chloride in water.

For example, if it takes 13. 20 ± 0. 03 cm < sup > 3 </ sup > of the sodium hydroxide solution to neutralise 61. 3 ± 0. 1 mg of an unknown acid, the equivalent weight of the acid is:

In experiments carried out by the ATRAP and ATHENA collaborations at CERN, positrons from a sodium radioactive source and antiprotons were brought together in Penning traps, where synthesis took place at a typical rate of 100 antihydrogen atoms per second.

The Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 allowed leasing, exploration, and production of selected commodities, such as coal, oil, gas, and sodium to take place on public lands.

Salt crystallization may also take place when solutions decompose rocks ( for example, limestone and chalk ) to form salt solutions of sodium sulfate or sodium carbonate, of which the moisture evaporates to form their respective salt crystals.

If conditions are right, reactions take place at the electrode surfaces which release electrons from the chloride and transfer electrons to the sodium.

In common usage, this means adding 5 – 10 % of a soluble sodium salt such as sodium carbonate to wet bentonite, mixing well, and allowing time for the ion exchange to take place and water to remove the exchanged calcium.

An example of a substitution reaction taking place by a so-called borderline mechanism as originally studied by Hughes and Ingold is the reaction of 1-phenylethyl chloride with sodium methoxide in methanol.

An additional provision, added in 1990, was the Humane Euthanasia Act, which was the first state law to mandate intravenous injection of sodium pentothal in place of gas chambers and other less humane methods.

Kodak's chemistry kit for reversing Panatomic-X (" Direct Positive Film Developing Outfit ") used sodium bisulfate in place of sulfuric acid in the bleach, and used a fogging developer that was inherently unstable, and had to be mixed and used within a two hour period.

Other alkali metals can be used in place of sodium, and most alcohols can be used in place of methanol.

Low-odor stop baths use citric acid or sodium bisulfite in place of acetic acid.

In many processes important in technology, the chemical absorption is used in place of the physical process, e. g., absorption of carbon dioxide by sodium hydroxide – such acid-base processes do not follow the Nernst partition law.

In its place, condiments such as soy sauce, fish sauce and oyster sauce tend to have a high sodium content and fill a similar role to table salt in western cultures.

This water diffuses throughout the electrolyte and results in the reverse reaction taking place on the electrolized sodium metal:

* 31 March 1994: A sodium explosion took place while the Rapsodie experimental reactor was being dismantled.

A bottle of animal blood, prevented from clotting by the addition of sodium citrate, was used to dress the scene and create the impression that the murder had taken place much later.