* Saponification value

Saponification of a triglyceride ( left ) with sodium hydroxide to give soap and glycerine ( right ).

Saponification is a process that produces soap, usually from fats and lye.

Saponification to the sodium salt of myristic acid takes place with NaOH in water.

Saponification can occur in oil paintings over time, causing visible damage and deformation.

Saponification in oil paintings was first described in 1997.

Saponification does not occur in all oil paintings containing the right materials.

The saponification value is the amount of base required to saponify a fat sample.

The long chain fatty acids found in fats have a low saponification value because they have a relatively fewer number of carboxylic functional groups per unit mass of the fat as compared to short chain fatty acids.

Because saponification values are listed in KOH ( potassium hydroxide ) the value must be converted from potassium to sodium to make bar soap ; potassium soaps make a paste, gel or liquid soap.

Each performance of an n-trial binomial experiment results in some whole number from 0 through N as the value of the random variable X, where Af.

The number of successes on each shot is a value of a random variable that has values 0 or 1, and there are 5 such random variables here.

Their sum is X, the total number of successes, which in this experiment has the value Af.

First, for any value of T for which all values of f{t} are ordinary points the number of values of f{t} must be odd.

For it is clear that the total number of ordinary intersections of C and Af must be even ( otherwise, starting in the interior of C, Af could not finally return to the interior ), and the center of rotation at T is the argument of the function, not a value.

Therefore, for any value of T the number of values of f{t} is equal to the ( finite ) number of tangent points corresponding to the argument T plus an odd number.

The reason for the value of this procedure was simply that the applicants were tested `` at work '' in different situations by the judgment of a number of experts who could see how the salesmen conducted themselves with different, but typical restaurant owners and managers.

However, in the actual assessment of the cutting force by instrumental methods for any thickness of coating a number of spurious effects occur which must be taken into account and which make the measured value larger than the true cutting force indicated by eqn. ( 1 ).

This relatively high value is probably due to the small fiber diameters increasing the number of internal reflections.

At the same time, every device that can be employed to reduce the number of variables is of the greatest value, and it is one of the attractive features of dynamic programming that room is left for ingenuity in using the special features of the problem to this end.

Readings of the number of milligrams of cholesterol in the blood, which seem to have value in predicting heart attacks, are becoming as routine as the electrocardiogram, which can show that the heart has suffered a symptomatic attack.

* If it is required to use a single number X as an estimate for the value of numbers, then the arithmetic mean does this best, in the sense of minimizing the sum of squares ( x < sub > i </ sub > − X )< sup > 2 </ sup > of the residuals.

In mathematics, the absolute value ( or modulus ) of a real number is the numerical value of without regard to its sign.

The absolute value of a number may be thought of as its distance from zero.

For any real number the absolute value or modulus of is denoted by ( a vertical bar on each side of the quantity ) and is defined as

The evaluation order does not affect the value of such expressions, and it can be shown that the same holds for expressions containing any number of operations .< ref > Thus, when is associative, the evaluation order can be left unspecified without causing ambiguity, by omitting the parentheses and writing simply:

Some folk etymologies argue that the original forms of these symbols indicated their value through the number of angles they contained, however there is no proof of any such origin.

The Mach. 3 value is rather arbitrary, but it is used because gas flows with a Mach number below that value demonstrate changes in density with respect to the change in pressure of less than 5 %.

The accumulator is initially set to zero, then each number in turn is read and added to the value in the accumulator.

* Printed value collections: A currency collection might be modeled around the theme of a specific printed value, for example, the number 1.

The USD also has a nickname ( the word " para "/" parai " of Turkish origin ) with the same negative stylistic value.

After all boxes have finished playing, the dealer's hand is resolved by drawing cards until the hand busts or achieves a value of 17 or higher ( a dealer total of 17 including an ace, or " soft 17 ", must be drawn to in some games and must stand in others ).

In the case of a tied score, known as " push " or " standoff ", bets are normally returned without adjustment ; however, a blackjack beats any hand which is not a blackjack, even with value 21.

The centrifugal force term in this equation is called a " fictitious force ", " apparent force ", or " pseudo force ", as its value varies with the rate of rotation of the frame of reference.

The expected value does not exist for some distributions with large " tails ", such as the Cauchy distribution.

An alternative to the version of " unbiased " above, is " median-unbiased ", where the median of the distribution of estimates agrees with the true value ; thus, in the long run half the estimates will be too low and half too high.

Although it had a high symbolical value, something like " elevated " or " sublime ", it was generally not used to indicate the office of Emperor itself.

" Financial economics ", at least formally, also considers investment under " certainty " ( Fisher separation theorem, " theory of investment value ", Modigliani-Miller theorem ) and hence also contributes to corporate finance theory.

Bloch said it is related to the Frankish term * fehu-ôd, in which * fehu means " cattle " and-ôd means " goods ", implying " a moveable object of value.

In December 2007, the Archbishop of Wales Barry Morgan criticized what he referred to as " atheistic fundamentalism ", claiming that it advocated that religion has no substance and " that faith has no value and is superstitious nonsense.

Finkelstein has published heavy criticisms of several books in his career, as he did to Hitler's Willing Executioners by Daniel Johnah Goldhagen, which he calls " replete with gross misinterpretations of source material and internal contradictions ", and says " the book is devoid of scholarly value ".

Not to mention any sign of apologies for the suffering of the murdered people ", " avoids mentioning the reasons for expulsions " and called the document " example of German art of crowding out the truth (...) The fact that the charter completely ignores the reasons for the expulsions deprives it of any value ".

The Conservative majority proved too small for effective control over his backbenchers, particularly after the United Kingdom's forced exit from the Exchange Rate Mechanism ( ERM ) on " Black Wednesday ", 16 September 1992, just five months into the new parliament, when billions of pounds were spent in a futile attempt to defend the currency's value.

He found it to be " not an issue worthy of a prolonged rant ", but said that " has willfully edited its product, and damaged its nostalgic value in the process ".

In Ricardo and other classical economists, this definition serves as a measure of " real cost ", " absolute value ", or a " measure of value " invariable under changes in distribution and technology.

( It should be kept in mind that like the terms " labor " and " value ", the terms " price, " capital ", " land ", " profit " and " rent " here are being used in a theoretical way which will not always correspond to everyday use, even by accountants.

He developed a " theory of the value of labor ", holding that the value of labor skills is given by the goods they command in the market.