Saturated hydrocarbons can also combine any of the linear, cyclic ( e. g., polycyclic ) and branching structures, and they are still alkanes ( no general formula ) as long as they are acyclic ( i. e., having no loops ). They also have single covalent bonds between their carbons.

# Saturated hydrocarbons ( alkanes ) are the simplest of the hydrocarbon species and are composed entirely of single bonds and are saturated with hydrogen.

Saturated hydrocarbons are the basis of petroleum fuels and are found as either linear or branched species.

Saturated hydrocarbons typically do not add halogens but undergo free radical halogenation, involving substitution of hydrogen atoms by halogen.

Saturated fats can accommodate no more hydrogens.

Saturated fats can stack themselves in a closely packed arrangement, so they can freeze easily and are typically solid at room temperature.

So, for example, the PADDUSB ( Packed ADD Unsigned Saturated Byte ) instruction adds two vectors, each containing eight 8-bit unsigned integers together, pairwise ; each addition that would overflow saturates, yielding 255, the maximum unsigned value that can be represented in a byte.

* Saturated fluid or saturated vapor, contains as much thermal energy as it can without boiling or condensing

Saturated terrestrial ecosystems then can contribute both inorganic and organic nitrogen to freshwater, coastal, and marine eutrophication, where nitrogen is also typically a limiting nutrient.

Saturated air can be unstable even though its potential temperature increases with height: if the warming due to condensation is enough that a parcel of saturated air which is displaced upward ( and would otherwise cool to below the ambient temperature ) ends up warmer ( lighter ) than the surrounding air, it will continue to rise.

Saturated fats have hydrocarbon chains which can be most readily aligned.

Saturated absorption spectroscopy, also known as Doppler-free spectroscopy, can be used to find the true frequency of an atomic transition without cooling a sample down to temperatures at which the Doppler broadening is minimal.

Saturated compounds are " saturated " with hydrogen — all available places where hydrogen atoms could be bonded to carbon atoms are occupied.

Saturated fats have a higher melting point and are more likely to be solid at room temperature.

Saturated fats, typically from animal sources, are next, while trans fats are to be avoided.

Saturated rubbers that cannot be cured by sulfur vulcanization:

Saturated steam has three main disadvantages in a steam engine: it contains small droplets of water which have to be periodically drained from the cylinders ; being precisely at the boiling point of water for the boiler pressure in use, it inevitably condenses to some extent in the steam pipes and cylinders outside the boiler, causing a disproportionate loss of steam volume as it does so ; and it places a heavy demand on the boiler because a large amount of water has to be evaporated per unit volume of steam.

Aromatic hydrocarbons can be monocyclic ( MAH ) or polycyclic ( PAH ).

Heavier hydrocarbons including gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel and biofuels can serve as fuels in a SOFC system, but an external reformer is required.

Petroleum geologists study the locations of the subsurface of the Earth which can contain extractable hydrocarbons, especially petroleum and natural gas.

The majority of hydrocarbons found naturally occur in crude oil, where decomposed organic matter provides an abundance of carbon and hydrogen which, when bonded, can catenate to form seemingly limitless chains.

As given in the example of 3-methylhexane and its higher homologues, branched hydrocarbons can be chiral.

The characteristics of the cyclic hydrocarbons are again altered if heteroatoms are present, which can exist as either substituents attached externally to the ring ( exocyclic ) or as a member of the ring itself ( endocyclic ).

In chemistry, paraffin is a term that can be used synonymously with " alkane ", indicating hydrocarbons with the general formula C < sub > n </ sub > H < sub > 2n + 2 </ sub >.

Various chemical processes can convert the carbon and hydrogen in coal, natural gas, plant and animal biomass, and organic wastes into short hydrocarbons suitable as replacements for existing hydrocarbon fuels.

This is why there can be more carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons in a Wankel's exhaust stream.

Studies have shown that cooking beef, pork, poultry, and fish at high temperatures can lead to the formation of heterocyclic amines, benzopyrenes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are carcinogens.

* Molasses can be used as the carbon source for in situ remediation of chlorinated hydrocarbons.

Petroleum engineering is a field of engineering concerned with the activities related to the production of hydrocarbons, which can be either crude oil or natural gas.

Polyethylene ( other than cross-linked polyethylene ) usually can be dissolved at elevated temperatures in aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene or xylene, or in chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethane or trichlorobenzene.

Such a device can be used on a wide variety of fluids ( aqueous, viscous, and volatile fluids ; hydrocarbons ; essential oils ; and mixtures ) in volumes between 0. 5mL and 25mL.

Evaluation of the source uses the methods of geochemistry to quantify the nature of organic-rich rocks which contain the precursors to hydrocarbons, such that the type and quality of expelled hydrocarbon can be assessed.

The net rock volume multiplied by porosity gives the total hydrocarbon pore volume i. e. the volume within the sedimentary package that fluids ( importantly, hydrocarbons and water ) can occupy.

By doing so, valuable inferences can be made about such matters as hydrocarbon generation and timing, maturity of potential source rocks and migration paths of expelled hydrocarbons.

Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a diesel additive to reduce levels of particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel-powered vehicles.

To this attitude he offered uncompromising opposition, and by the synthetic production of numerous hydrocarbons, natural fats, sugars and other bodies he proved that organic compounds can be formed by ordinary methods of chemical manipulation and obey the same principles as inorganic substances, thus exhibiting the " creative character in virtue of which chemistry actually realizes the abstract conceptions of its theories and classifications — a prerogative so far possessed neither by the natural nor by the historical sciences.

Oil can be used in a variety of ways because it contains hydrocarbons of varying molecular masses, forms and lengths such as paraffins, aromatics, naphthenes ( or cycloalkanes ), alkenes, dienes, and alkynes.

Octane grade of gasoline can also be improved by catalytic reforming, which involves removing hydrogen from hydrocarbons producing compounds with higher octane ratings such as aromatics.

In theory an abandoned well can be reentered and restored to production ( or converted to injection service for supplemental recovery or for downhole hydrocarbons storage ), but reentry often proves to be difficult mechanically and not cost effective.

Oil is largely composed of hydrocarbons which can burn if ignited.

Like other hydrocarbons, alkynes are generally hydrophobic but tend to be more reactive.

Combustion of hydrocarbons is thought to be initiated by hydrogen atom abstraction ( not proton abstraction ) from the fuel to oxygen, to give a hydroperoxide radical ( HOO ).

The chemicals involved in both were later shown to be polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAH ).

The by-products of processing include ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes, and higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulphide ( which may be converted into pure sulfur ), carbon dioxide, water vapor, and sometimes helium and nitrogen.

Today, non-toxic, stable silicone-based oils, or fluorinated hydrocarbons may be used where the expense of a fire-resistant liquid offsets additional building cost for a transformer vault.

A haze permeates most of Triton's troposphere, thought to be composed largely of hydrocarbons and nitriles created by the action of sunlight on methane.

Kinetic inhibitors ( which do not require water and hydrocarbon mixture to be effective ) are usually polymers or copolymers and anti-agglomerants ( requires water and hydrocarbon mixture ) are polymers or zwitterionic ( usually ammonium and COOH ) surfactants being both attracted to hydrates and hydrocarbons.

On May 1, 2006, his successor, current president Morales, signed a decree stating that all natural gas reserves were to be nationalized, recovering ownership, possession and control of hydrocarbons.

A plant was established to extract " natural gasoline " and other liquid hydrocarbons which could be extracted from natural gas.

Gold theorized that since petroleum and its component hydrocarbons were present across the entire universe, there was no reason to believe " that on Earth they must be biological in origin ".

A recent study of his demonstrated that methane is in fact spontaneously formed at high pressure and high temperature environments such as those deep in the Earth's mantle ; this finding is an exciting indication of abiogenic hydrocarbon formation, meaning that the actual amount of hydrocarbons available on earth might be much larger than conventionally assumed under the assumption that all hydrocarbons are fossil fuels.

The polynitrates of long chain and aromatic hydrocarbons are invariably room temperature solids, but many are soluble in simple alcohols or ethers in high proportion, and may be useful in this state.