The above mentioned reports are adopted from the authentic sources explaining Shia Islam, and Sunni Islam.,

While Sunni and Shia Islam differ sharply on the conduct of a caliph and the right relations between a leader and a community, they do not differ on the underlying theory of stewardship.

Religious affiliation is itself multi-layered and includes religious considerations other than being Muslim, such as sectarian identity ( e. g. Shia or Sunni, etc.

In Sunni Islam any fatwā is non-binding, whereas in Shia Islam it could be considered by an individual as binding, depending on his or her relation to the scholar.

The death of Uthman was followed by a civil war known as the First Fitna, and the succession to Ali ibn Abi Talib was disputed, leading to the split between the Sunni and Shia sects, and later to competing caliphates when the descendants of Muhammad through his daughter Fatimah and Ali set up separate Fatimid societies.

Sunni and Shia hadith collections differ because scholars from the two traditions differ as to the reliability of the narrators and transmitters.

Sunni scholars put trust in narrators, such as Aisha, whom Shia reject.

A Lebanese public opinion poll taken in August 2006 shows that most of the Shia did not believe that Hezbollah should disarm after the 2006 Lebanon war, while the majority of Sunni, Druze and Christians believed that they should.

In 2010, a survey of Muslims in Lebanon showed that 94 % of Lebanese Shia supported Hezbollah, while 84 % of the Sunni Muslims held an unfavorable opinion of the group.

Fighting was primarily between the majority Shia and the minority Sunni.

However, relations have diminished due to ongoing sectarian clashes between Iraq's Sunni and Shia Muslim branches, and the Lebanese Government's support of Hezbollah.

Iraq and Sudan are connected by remote cultural similarities such as language ( both countries speak Arabic, though the two are different in dialect ) and religion, both are Muslim ( however Sudan is predominantly Sunni, while the majority of Iraq is Shia ).

Olivier Roy argues that " Sunni pan-Islamism underwent a remarkable shift in the second half of the 20th century " when the Muslim Brotherhood movement and focus on Islamistation of pan-Arabism was eclipsed by the Salafi movement with its emphasis on " sharia rather than the building of Islamic institutions ," and rejection of Shia Islam.

According to Ellenblum's interpretation the inhabitants of the Kingdom ( Latin Christians living alongside native Greek and Syrian Christians, Shia and Sunni Arabs, Sufis, Bedouin, Turks, Druze, Jews, and Samaritans ) all had major differences between each other as well as with the crusaders.

Additionally to the bombardment campaign conducted by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, tension between the Shia Hazara Hezb-i Wahdat of Abdul Ali Mazari and the Sunni Pashtun Ittihad-i Islami of Abdul Rasul Sayyaf soon escalated into a second violent conflict.

By 1975, Lebanon was a religiously and ethnically diverse country with most dominant groups of Maronite Christians and Lebanese Sunni and Shia Arabs ; with significant minorities of Druze, Kurds, Armenians, Assyrians and Palestinian Arab refugees and their descendants.

Both Sunni and Shia Muslims agree al-Mahdi will arrive first, and after him, Jesus.

To take one example, the nation now known as Iraq intentionally joined together three Ottoman vilayets, uniting Kurds in the north, Sunni Arabs in the center, and Shia Arabs in the south, in an effort to present a strong national buffer state between Turkey and Persia: over these was placed a foreign king from the Hashemite dynasty native to the Hijaz.

Shia Muslims believe this to be Muhammad's appointment of Ali as his successor, while Sunni Muslims believe it a simple defense of Ali in the face of unjust criticism.

The reasoning behind the Shia caliph al-Adid's selection of Saladin, a Sunni, varies.

Iraq and Sudan are connected by remote cultural similarities such as language ( both countries speak Arabic, though the two are different in dialect ) and religion, both are Muslim ( however Sudan is predominantly Sunni, while the majority of Iraq is Shia ).

Four are Sunni Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi ' i and Hanbali and one Shia: Ja ' afri ( followed by most

In Sunni jurisprudence, the contract is void if there is a determined divorce date in the nikah, whereas, in Shia jurisprudence, nikah contracts with determined divorce dates are transformed into nikah mut ' ah.

A Sunni Muslim divorce is effective when the man tells his wife that he is divorcing her, however a Shia divorce also requires four witnesses.

The war, which ended the rule of Saddam Hussein's Ba ' ath Party, also led to violence against the coalition forces and between many Sunni and Shia Iraqi groups, and to al-Qaeda operations in Iraq.

* Islamic beliefs ( the Pillars of Shia Islam )

* Islamic Practices ( the Pillars of Shia Islam )

Shia groups which are often considered fundamentalist in the western world generally are not described that way in the Islamic world.

The first Modern Islamic state ( with the possible exception of Zia's Pakistan ) was established among the Shia of Iran.

* Khomeini talked not about restoring the Caliphate, but about establishing an Islamic state where the leading role was taken by Islamic jurists ( ulama ) as the successors of Shia Imams until the Mahdi returned from occultation.

The Islamic Republic has also maintained its hold on power in Iran in spite of the US economic sanctions, and has created or assisted like-minded Shia Islamist groups in Iraq ( SCIRI ) and Lebanon ( Hezbollah ), ( two Muslim countries that also have large Shiite populations ).

* 818 – Ali ar-Ridha, Islamic Shia Imam ( b. 766 )

Also academics note that since much of what is known about Manichaeism comes from later 10th and 11th Century CE Islamic historians like Al-Biruni and especially the Shia Muslim Persian historian Ibn al-Nadim ( and his work Fihrist ); " Islamic authors ascribed to Mani the claim to be the Seal of the Prophets " This topic is discussed by an Israeli academic Guy G. Stroumsa

* 1899 – Grand Ayatollah Abul-Qassim Khoei, influential Shia Islamic scholar ( d. 1992 )

For example, the ideas of the Khawarij in the very early years of Islamic history on Khilafa and Ummah, or that of Shia Islam on the concept of Imamah are considered proofs of political thought.

In 2009, RAWA and other women's rights groups strongly condemned a " Shia Family Code " which is claimed to legalise spousal rape within Northern Afghan Shia Muslim communities, as well as endorsing child marriage, purdah ( seclusion ) for married women, which was passed by President Hamid Karzai to garner support for his coalition government from hardline elements within the aforesaid communities, as well as the neighbouring Shia-dominated Islamic Republic of Iran.

Khomeini has been criticized for these acts and for human rights violations of Iranians ( including his ordering of execution of thousands of political prisoners ;), but also lauded as a " charismatic leader of immense popularity ", and a " champion of Islamic revival " by Shia scholars.

Like other branches of Islam, Shia Islam is based on the teachings of the Quran and the message of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Islamic jurisprudence will also sometimes incorporate analogies from the Quran and Sunnah through qiyas, though Shia jurists prefer reasoning (' aql ) to analogy.

Shia Muslims ) Many Islamic scholars today advocate renewed approaches to fiqh that don't necessarily follow the traditional five allegiances.

In particular, Shia Islamic plays revolved around the shaheed ( martyrdom ) of Ali's sons Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali.

Other Islamic devotional pilgrimages, particularly to the tombs of Shia Imams or Sufi saints, are also popular across the Islamic world.

An estimated 80-89 % of the population practice Sunni Islam and belong to the Hanafi Islamic law school while 10-19 % are Shi ' a, majority of the Shia follow the Twelver branch with smaller numbers of Ismailis.

Ideologically SIIC differs from Muqtada al-Sadr and its sometime ally Islamic Dawa Party, in favoring a decentralized Iraq state with an autonomous Shia zone in the south.