** Sigmoid colon ( polyp, sigmoid volvulus, obstruction or gas accumulation )

Sigmoid volvulus is the most-common form of volvulus of the gastrointestinal tract and is responsible for 8 % of all intestinal obstructions.

Sigmoid means resembling the lower-case Greek letter sigma ( ς ) or the Latin letter S. Specific uses include:

Image: Gray538. png | Sigmoid colon and rectum, showing distribution of branches of inferior mesenteric artery and their anastomoses.

Onchocerciasis ( or ), also known as river blindness and Robles disease, is a parasitic disease caused by infection by Onchocerca volvulus, a nematode ( roundworm ).

In 1915, Dr. Rodolfo Robles Valverde's study on patients with river blindness in Guatemala led to the discovery that the disease is caused by filaria of O. volvulus, and sheds light on the life cycle and transmission of the parasite ..

The drug patch is placed on the skin, and if the patient is infected with the microfilaria of O. volvulus, localized pruritus and urticaria are seen at the application site.

Ivermectin is directly effective against the larval stage microfilariae of O. volvulus ; they are paralyzed and can be killed by eosinophils and macrophages.

This traditional surgical canon is no longer followed, largely because of improvements in radiologic imaging of small bowel obstruction, which allow confident distinction between simple obstructions, that can be treated conservatively, and obstructions associated with surgical emergencies ( volvulus, closed-loop obstructions, ischemic bowel, incarcerated hernias, etc.

* Subcutaneous filariasis is caused by Loa loa ( the eye worm ), Mansonella streptocerca, and Onchocerca volvulus.

Gastric dilatation volvulus or bloat is a medical condition in which the stomach becomes overstretched by excessive gas content.

In dogs, gas accumulation in the stomach is usually associated with volvulus of the stomach, which prevents gas from escaping.

If the volvulus is greater than 180 °, the esophagus is closed off, thereby preventing the animal from relieving the condition by belching or vomiting.

While dogs that have had gastropexies still may develop gas distension of the stomach, there is a significant reduction in recurrence of gastric volvulus.

The most common presenting symptom is painless rectal bleeding such as melaena-like black offensive stools, followed by intestinal obstruction, volvulus and intussusception.

It is caused by Onchocerca volvulus, a parasitic worm.

A volvulus is a bowel obstruction with a loop of bowel whose nose has abnormally twisted on itself.

For example, in patients with a cecal volvulus, the predominant symptoms may be those of a small bowel obstruction ( nausea, vomiting and lack of stool or flatus ), because the obstructing point is close to the ileocecal valve and small intestine.

Cecal volvulus is slightly less common than sigmoid volvulus and is associated with symptoms of abdominal pain and small bowel obstruction.

In patients with a sigmoid volvulus, although abdominal pain may be present, symptoms of constipation may be more prominent.

Midgut volvulus occurs in patients ( usually in infants ) that are predisposed because of congenital intestinal malrotation.

Segmental volvulus occurs in patients of any age, usually with a predisposition because of abnormal intestinal contents ( e. g. meconium ileus ) or adhesions.

However, these regions typically have high rates of co-infection with both L. loa and O. volvulus, and mass treatment with Ivermectin can have severe adverse effects ( SAE ).

This has been observed with the bacteria Wolbachia that live with O. volvulus.

This drug has been shown to be effective in killing both the adult worm of O. volvulus and Wolbachia, the bacteria believed to play a major role in the onset of onchocerciasis, while having no effect on the microfilaria of L. loa.

Otto died unexpectedly on 11 October 1916, due to a volvulus.

For best effect, entire communities are treated at the same time: since final hosts of Onchocerca volvulus are restricted to primates, it has no major animal reservoir.

Wolbachia species have been found to be endosymbionts of O. volvulus adults and microfilariae, and are thought to be the driving force behind most of O. volvulus morbidity.

L. loa causes Loa loa filariasis while O. volvulus causes river blindness.

That is particularly true of sovereignty when it is applied to democratic societies, in which `` popular '' sovereignty is said to exist, and in federal nations, in which the jobs of government are split.

it is particularly the artist ( Tonio Kroger, Aschenbach, Leverkuhn ) who suffers from it.

It is different with his volume The Swedes And Their Chieftains ( Svenskarna och deras Hovdingar ), a history intended for the general reader and particularly suited for high school students.

But what a super-Herculean task it is to winnow anything of value from the mud-beplastered arguments used so freely, particularly since such common use is made of cliches and stereotypes, in themselves declarations of intellectual bankruptcy.

And it is this, particularly the establishment of archaeology and place-name studies on a scientific basis, which are immediately pertinent to the Saxon Shore.

In light of the scholarly reappraisals engendered by the higher criticism this is a most remarkable statement, particularly coming from one who was well known for his antifundamentalist views.

The country about Cambridge is flat and not particularly spectacular in its scenery, though it offers easy going to the foot traveler.

While it is hazardous to project the trend of history, it seems clear that a genuine community is painfully emerging in the Western world, particularly among the countries of Western Europe.

But competent observers believe he is making progress, particularly toward what Sen. Jackson lists as the primary need -- `` a clearer understanding of where our vital national interests lie and what we must do to promote them ''.

The headline is offensive, particularly in view of the total inaccuracy of the editorial.

`` Argiento, this is senseless '', he complained, not liking to work on the wet floors, particularly in cold weather.

These are particularly suitable for regions where water or rock is close to the surface.

A second fundamental principle is that involved particularly in the present proceeding -- the difference between nighttime and daytime propagation conditions with respect to the standard broadcast frequencies.

This is particularly true in site selection.

But it is the wooden sculpture from Bali, the one representing two men with their heads bent backward and their bodies interlaced by a fish, that I particularly call to your attention.

This is particularly true of highly charged ions, especially those ions which fall into the class of polyelectrolytes.

It is quite likely that an even greater area was covered, particularly downwind.

There is some evidence that naturally occurring goitrogens may play a role in the development of goitre, particularly in Tasmania and Australia ( Clements and Wishart, 1956 ).

We pointed out that emotional excitement may lead to psychosomatic disorders and neurotic symptoms, particularly in certain types of personality, but it is also known that the reliving of a strong emotion ( `` abreaction '' ) may cure a battle neurosis.

There is some indication from a limited number of interviews with members of the population that the element of power, primarily the voluntary influence of non-authoritative power, has been exerted on actors in the system, particularly in regard to mate selection.

Confused and divided though this tradition may be, it is an important part of the social and cultural heritage of the group, and acts as a means of socialization, particularly for members of the rural community.