Since the Age of Enlightenment, emancipation, and haskalah in the modern era, Jewish citizens are bound to Halakha only by their voluntary consent.

Since the 19th century, humanism has been associated with an anti-clericalism inherited from the 18th-century Enlightenment philosophes.

Since the Enlightenment large synagogues have often adopted the practice of hiring rabbis and hazzans to act as shatz and baal kriyah, and this is still typically the case in many Conservative and Reform congregations.

Since the Enlightenment, rationalism is usually associated with the introduction of mathematical methods into philosophy, as in Descartes, Leibniz, and Spinoza.

Since YDL version 5. 0 ‘ Phoenix ,’ Enlightenment has been the default desktop environment in Yellow Dog Linux, although GNOME and KDE are also included.

Since the cessation of the official Peace Mission journal the New Day in 1989 special bulletins, such as one called ' Enlightenment ', were printed separately in April to herald the wedding anniversary.

Since the Enlightenment, the term Celtic has been applied to a wide variety of peoples and cultural traits present and past.

Since effective copyright was slow to take hold, many editions were pirated well into the period of the Enlightenment, and without effective royalty systems in place, authors often saw little, if any, of the revenues for their popular works.

Since Jews were excluded as outsiders throughout Europe, they were mostly shut out of politics or any sort of participation in the wider political and social sphere of the nations in which they were involved until the Enlightenment, and its Jewish counterpart, Haskalah, made popular movements possible.

Since the title could no longer refer to those entities, the story was renamed Enlightenment.

Since Gay's work was published, his interpretation of the Enlightenment has become an orthodoxy in the Anglo-Saxon world.

Since the validity of all subsequent planning depends on the accuracy of the basic inventory information, great care is being taken that the inventory is as complete as possible.

Since their invention and subsequent proliferation in the mid-20th Century, ballpoint pens have proven to be a versatile art medium for professional artists as well as amateur doodlers.

Since the revolution and the subsequent mutually-agreed peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the Czechs have made integration with Western institutions their chief foreign policy objective.

Since the 1989 coup and subsequent expulsion of South African-financed mercenaries, Comoros likewise turned away from South Africa and toward France for assistance with its security needs.

Since the original ratification of H. 263 in March 1996 ( approving a document that was produced in November 1995 ), there have been two subsequent additions which improved on the original codec by additional optional annexes ( extensions ).

Since then, many jurisdictions have been swayed by Justice Traynor's arguments on behalf of the strict liability rule in Escola, Greenman, and subsequent cases — including nearly all U. S. states, the European Union, Australia, and Japan — and have adopted it either by judicial decision or by legislative act.

Since this variable is not passed as a parameter but can be altered, the results of subsequent calls to the function can differ even if the parameters are identical.

Since its accession into the World Trade Organization and the subsequent trade liberalization, the government has implemented new policies to develop the sector into a more competitive and modernized green industry.

Since the first term of the original federal officials began on this date and ended 2, 4, or 6 years later, this became the date on which new federal officials took office in subsequent years.

Since Daley's death and the subsequent election of son Richard as mayor in 1989, the first Mayor Daley has become known as " Boss Daley ," " Old Man Daley ," " Papa Bear ," or " Daley Senior " to residents of Chicago.

Since about 1700, accidentals have been understood to continue for the remainder of the measure in which they occur, so that a subsequent note on the same staff position is still affected by that accidental, unless marked as an accidental on its own.

Since then, the Forum has documented new insights derived from this timeline and subsequent discoveries in permanent resources including the exhibit An Uncommon Commitment to Peace, and its companion catalogue, recognized by the Library of Congress as the most accessible educational resource on the subject, a Portsmouth Peace Treaty Trail ( and map supported by the New Hampshire Division of Tourism ), a curriculum guide for grades 4-8 distributed to all school districts in New Hampshire, a series of New Hampshire Humanities Council lectures and articles on the Treaty and New Hampshire's citizen diplomacy and a variety of commemorative events.

Since the original 1944 law, the term has come to include other veteran benefit programs created to assist veterans of subsequent wars as well as peacetime service.

Since the duo were still working on The Black Dossier at the time, it was agreed that it would become the last League project published by DC / WildStorm, with subsequent projects published jointly by Top Shelf Productions and Knockabout Comics in the US and UK respectively.

Since then he and Mickey have been portrayed as good friends in subsequent stories.

Since its accidental introduction into the United States and Canada in the 1990s, and its subsequent detection in 2002, it has spread to eleven states and adjacent parts of Canada.

Since the last election ( 2011 ) and subsequent by-elections eleven councillors are members of the Conservative Party two are from the Liberal Democrats and two are independent.

Since the visit followed barely two years after the Pokhran tests, and one year after the Kargil invasion and the subsequent coup in Pakistan, it was read to reflect a major shift in the post-Cold War U. S. foreign policy.

Since Camp X-Ray's closure and the subsequent opening of Camp Delta, JTF-160 and 170 have been combined into Joint Task Force Guantanamo ( JTF-GTMO ).

Since it is usually required that the suspect be asked if they understand their rights, courts have also ruled that any subsequent waiver of Miranda rights must be knowing, intelligent, and voluntary.

Since 1461, when the great-grandson of the first duke became King Edward IV, not one of the ten subsequent holders of the title has ever passed it on: they either died without male heirs or became King themselves.

Since the original 1893 Chicago Ferris Wheel, there have been eight subsequent world's tallest-ever Ferris wheels.

Since her first solo exhibition in 1958, Martin ’ s work has been the subject of more than 85 solo shows and two retrospectives including the survey, Agnes Martin, organized by the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, which later traveled to Milwaukee, Miami, Houston and Madrid ( 1992 – 94 ) and Agnes Martin: Paintings and Drawings 1974 – 1990 organized by the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, with subsequent venues in France and Germany ( 1991 – 92 ).

Since the passage of the Illinois Methamphetamine Precursor Control Act and the subsequent Federal Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005, the purchase of pseudoephedrine in the United States is restricted.

Since 2005, Kia has focused on the European market and has identified design as its " core future growth engine "— leading to the hiring of Peter Schreyer in 2006 as Chief Design Officer and his subsequent creation of a new corporate grille known as the ' Tiger Nose '.

Since its emancipation in 1952, San Miguel Municipality is now forty-four years old.

Since the emancipation of the party's main leader, Samir Geagea, the party has gained new popularity among the Christian population throughout all of Lebanon.

Since the emancipation and independence of 1804, affluent blacks and mulattoes have reintroduced slavery by using children of the very poor as house servants.

Since we know that over 70 percent of children of intermarried couples are not being raised as Jews ... we want to encourage the Jewish partner to maintain his / her Jewish identity, and raise their children as Jews.

The Oral Torah is the primary guide for Jews to abide by these terms, as expressed in tractate Gittin 60b, " the Holy One, Blessed be He, did not make His covenant with Israel except by virtue of the Oral Law " to help them learn how to live a holy life, and to bring holiness, peace and love into the world and into every part of life, so that life may be elevated to a high level of kedushah, originally through study and practice of the Torah, and since the destruction of the Second Temple, through prayer as expressed in tractate Sotah 49a " Since the destruction of the Temple, every day is more cursed than the preceding one ; and the existence of the world is assured only by the kedusha ... and the words spoken after the study of Torah.

Since Jews believe that one need not be a Jew to approach God, there is no religious pressure to convert non-Jews to their faith.

Since 2005 the exhibition called Wir waren Nachbarn-Biografien jüdischer Zeitzeugen ( English title: We were Neighbours once-Biographies of Jews in Schöneberg and Tempelhof under the Nazi Regime ) takes place in the exhibition hall of the Rathaus Schöneberg.

Since the early 1930s, the Polish government introduced a set of policies designed to Polonize all minorities ( Belarusians, Ukrainians, Jews, etc .).

Since Shavuot occurs 50 days after Passover, Hellenistic Jews gave it the name Pentecost ( πεντηκοστή, " fiftieth day ").

Since the 15th century the city acted as a major Polish and later also as a Jewish cultural center ; with Poles and Jews comprising a demographic majority of the city until the outbreak of World War II, the Holocaust, and the population transfers of Poles that followed.

Since carrier testing for Tay – Sachs began in 1971, millions of Ashkenazi Jews have been screened as carriers.

Since Jews were not permitted into the city without an internal passport, he managed to get a temporary passport from a friend.

Since Simeon and Benjamin had been very much the junior partners in the Kingdom of Judah, it was Judah that gave its name to the identity-that of the Jews.

Since its recognized independence in 1948, the United Kingdom and Israel have shared cordial and strongly strategic relations ; the two nations share interests in the fields of political cooperation, immigration ( seeing as many British Jews migrate to Israel ) and economic trade.

Since 1950 2, 734, 245 Jews have immigrated to Israel.

According to Encyclopædia Britannica, " the term is usually applied to attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the first extensive pogroms followed the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881 ," and the Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789 states that pogroms " were antisemitic disturbances that periodically occurred within the tsarist empire.

Since the overwhelming majority of Ashkenazi Jews no longer live in Eastern Europe, the isolation that once favored a distinct religious tradition and culture has vanished.

Since the war is, World War I, Jews have occupied the villages of Maramureş and Bukovina, and gained the absolute majority in the towns and cities in Bessarabia.

Since Reichenau's order was widely understood as endorsing the mass killings of Ukrainian Jews which were going on behind the German lines, with which 6th Army at any rate was actively co-operating, Rundstedt's open endorsement of its strongly anti-Semitic language clearly contradicts his later assertions that he did not know what the Einsatzgruppen were doing.

Since no idea and no literary or philosophical movement ever germinated on Persian or Arabian soil without leaving its impress on the Jews, the Persian Ghazali found an imitator in the person of Judah ha-Levi.

Since no idea and no literary or philosophical movement ever germinated on Persian or Arabian soil without leaving its impress on the Jews, the Persian Ghazali found an imitator in the person of Judah ha-Levi.

Since this Hirsch ben David was untraceable, some were led to believe that there was no such person as Hirsh and the authorities were attempting to stir up internecine fighting among the Jews.

Since most East European Jews were excluded from the Irish-controlled Democratic Party in New York City they worked through third parties, the American Labor Party and the Liberal Party of New York.

Since then, it has been traditional for Jews to say the Shema as their last words.

Since the end of Communism, many people in former Soviet states, including descendants of Jews, have publicly taken up the faith of their families again.

Since 1996, an annual publication on the history of the Jews in Romania, Studia et acta historiae Iudaeorum Romaniae, has been published by the local history and archeology institutes of the Romanian Academy.

Since then, more than 45, 000 Jews have immigrated to Israel from Argentina.