Since marginal costs rise when the wage rate rises, the profit-maximizing price also rises when the public-limit price is elevated, and is likely to remain well above the latter.

Since then, there have been many refinements to increase the field of view, mass and position resolution, and data acquisition rate of the instrument.

Since independence, Botswana has had the highest average economic growth rate in the world, averaging about 9 % per year from 1966 to 1999.

Since 1991, Croatia's death rate has continuously exceeded its birth rate ; the natural growth rate of the population is currently negative.

Since then, consistent liberalization and astute economic management has led to the removal of 95 % of all price controls, low unemployment, a positive balance of payments position, a stable exchange rate, a shift of exports from former communist economic bloc markets to Western Europe, and relatively low foreign debt.

Since that time, the rate of crater production on Earth has been considerably lower, but it is appreciable nonetheless ; Earth experiences from one to three impacts large enough to produce a 20 km diameter crater about once every million years on average.

Since the Earth could be expected to have roughly the same cratering rate as the Moon, it became clear that the Earth had suffered far more impacts than could be seen by counting evident craters.

Since the design of such high-end chips nominally takes about five years to complete, to stay competitive a company has to fund at least two of these large design teams to release products at the rate of 2. 5 years per product generation.

Since petroleum is so important to industrialised economies, a large increase in its price can lead to the increase in the price of most products, raising the inflation rate.

Since 1993, the Eritrean People ’ s Liberation Front army has been involved in tree planting ; the annual average rate of deforestation during 1990 – 2000 was 0. 3 percent.

Since life began on Earth, several major mass extinctions have significantly exceeded the background extinction rate.

Since the rate of clocks and the gravitational potential have the same derivative, they are the same up to a constant.

Since the Hubble sequence is entirely based upon visual morphological type, it may miss certain important characteristics of galaxies such as star formation rate ( in starburst galaxies ) and activity in the core ( in active galaxies ).

Since 1995, Hungary has pegged the forint against a basket of currencies ( in which the U. S. dollar is 30 %), and the central rate against the basket is devalued at a preannounced rate, originally set at 0. 8 % per month, the Forint is now an entirely free-floating currency.

Since the basal insulin is provided as a rapid-acting insulin, the basal insulin can be immediately increased or decreased as needed with a temporary basal rate.

Since Marx believed that surplus value appropriated from labour is the source of profits, he concluded that the rate of profit would fall even as the economy grew.

Since the pulse energy is equal to the average power divided by the repetition rate, this goal can sometimes be satisfied by lowering the rate of pulses so that more energy can be built up in between pulses.

Since there are 24 hours in a day and 360 degrees in a circle, the sun moves across the sky at a rate of 15 degrees per hour ( 360 °/ 24 hours = 15 ° per hour ).

Since the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, unionisation in many eastern European states has collapsed at an even more dramatic rate.

Since activated LCD pixels do not flash on / off between frames, LCD monitors exhibit no refresh-induced flicker, no matter how low the refresh rate.

Since the CFCs themselves are equally powerful greenhouse gases, the mere substitution of HFCs for CFCs does not significantly increase the rate of anthropogenic global warming, but over time a steady increase in their use could increase the danger that human activity will change the climate.

Since the lifetime of the laser transition L is long compared to that of Ra ( τ < sub > 32 </ sub > ≫ τ < sub > 43 </ sub >), a population accumulates in level 3 ( the upper laser level ), which may relax by spontaneous or stimulated emission into level 2 ( the lower laser level ).

Since 1979 the Swiss Bear Downtown Revitalization Corporation has worked to redevelop downtown and stimulated the creation of art galleries, specialty shops, antiques stores, restaurants and inns.

Since then, the economy of the region has wavered through boom-and-bust cycles, stimulated by some national initiatives.

Since that time the concept has stimulated journals on the subject, dissertations, and extensive critical research.

Since about 2000, the neighborhood has been undergoing gentrification stimulated by the University of Pennsylvania's redevelopment plan for West Philadelphia.

Since fluorescence emission differs in wavelength ( color ) from the excitation light, an ideal fluorescent image shows only the structure of interest that was labeled with the fluorescent dye.

Since one must consider probabilities that occupy all of phase space equally, the combined system of atom plus electromagnetic field must undergo a transition from electronic excitation to a photonic excitation ; the atom must decay by spontaneous emission.

Since light was known to be waves of electromagnetism, physicists hoped to describe this emission via classical laws.

Since the equipartition theorem worked so well in describing the vibrational modes of the thermal object itself, it was trivial to assume that it would perform equally well in describing the radiative emission of such objects.

Since this RF emission is easily obtained from the ground and EUV flux is not, this value has been measured and disseminated continuously since 1947.

Since these atoms and molecules are composed of charged particles ( protons and electrons ), their movement results in the emission of electromagnetic radiation, which carries energy away from the surface.

Since 1998 the taxable horsepower is calculated from the sum of a CO < sub > 2 </ sub > emission figure ( over 45 ), and the maximum power output of the engine in kilowatts ( over 40 ) to the power of 1. 6.

Since 1981, " three-way " ( oxidation-reduction ) catalytic converters have been used in vehicle emission control systems in the United States and Canada ; many other countries have also adopted stringent vehicle emission regulations that in effect require three-way converters on gasoline-powered vehicles.

Since field emission characteristics are determined by the local field F, then the higher the γ-value of the object, then the lower the value of F < sub > M </ sub > at which significant emission occurs.

Since there may also be voltage dependence in other factors in a Fowler-Nordheim-type equation, in particular in the notional emission area A < sub > r </ sub > and in the local work-function, it is not necessarily expected that κ for CFE from a metal of local work-function 4. 5 eV should have the value κ

Since January 2008, Milan introduced a traffic charge scheme as a one-year trial, called Ecopass, and exempts high emission standard vehicles and some alternate fuel vehicles.

Since the absorption and emission of light follow the laws of quantum mechanics, only photons with specific energies can be absorbed.

Since the year 2000, India started adopting European emission and fuel regulations for four-wheeled light-duty and for heavy-dc.

Since the car still has to meet its emission standards, which depend on the cars year of construction, its easier for older cars.

Since 1969 the FDA has limited TV X-ray emission to 0. 5 mR ( milliroentgen ) per hour.

Since Hodge 301 formed, it is estimated that at least 40 stars within it have exploded as supernovae, giving rise to violent gas motions within the surrounding nebula and emission of x-rays.

Since 1987, he has used positron emission tomography ( PET ) and functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) to study the human visual brain.

Since the backwave is already in opposite polarity with the front wave, this inversion brings the two emissions in phase ( although the vent emission is lagging byFHDHDFX one wave period ) and therefore they reinforce each other.

Since the total flight-time difference between " fast " and " slow " lightsignals would be expected to scale linearly with distance in simple emission theory, and the study would ( statistically ) have included stars with a reasonable spread of distances and orbital speeds and orientations, deSitter concluded that the effect should have been seen if the model was correct, and its absence meant that the emission theory was almost certainly wrong.

Since the position of the energy levels in the system is primarily determined by the layer thicknesses and not the material, it is possible to tune the emission wavelength of QCLs over a wide range in the same material system.