Since any fluorescence image is made up of a large number of such small fluorescent light sources, the image is said to be " convolved by the point spread function ".

Since at least 2010 health organizations have recommended that the RAST test be abandoned as a diagnostic test for allergy in favor of more sensitive fluorescence enzyme-labeled assays.

Since the T < sub > 0 </ sub >- T < sub > 0 </ sub > interaction takes time, the scintillation light is delayed: this is the slow or delayed component ( corresponding to delayed fluorescence ).

Since x-ray fluorescence techniques require excitation at very specific wavelengths, it is necessary to use synchrotron radiation when using the MAD method.

Since the excited state has a lifetime, the fluorescence will be delayed with respect to the excitation signal, and the lifetime can be determined from the phase shift.

Since the fluorescence lifetime of a fluorophore depends on both radiative ( i. e. fluorescence ) and non-radiative ( i. e. quenching, FRET ) processes, energy transfer from the donor molecule to the acceptor molecule will decrease the lifetime of the donor.

Since the lifetime of the laser transition L is long compared to that of Ra ( τ < sub > 32 </ sub > ≫ τ < sub > 43 </ sub >), a population accumulates in level 3 ( the upper laser level ), which may relax by spontaneous or stimulated emission into level 2 ( the lower laser level ).

Since one must consider probabilities that occupy all of phase space equally, the combined system of atom plus electromagnetic field must undergo a transition from electronic excitation to a photonic excitation ; the atom must decay by spontaneous emission.

Since light was known to be waves of electromagnetism, physicists hoped to describe this emission via classical laws.

Since the equipartition theorem worked so well in describing the vibrational modes of the thermal object itself, it was trivial to assume that it would perform equally well in describing the radiative emission of such objects.

Since this RF emission is easily obtained from the ground and EUV flux is not, this value has been measured and disseminated continuously since 1947.

Since the rate of stimulated emission is dependent on the amount of light entering the medium, the amount of energy stored in the gain medium increases as the medium is pumped.

Since these atoms and molecules are composed of charged particles ( protons and electrons ), their movement results in the emission of electromagnetic radiation, which carries energy away from the surface.

Since 1998 the taxable horsepower is calculated from the sum of a CO < sub > 2 </ sub > emission figure ( over 45 ), and the maximum power output of the engine in kilowatts ( over 40 ) to the power of 1. 6.

Since 1981, " three-way " ( oxidation-reduction ) catalytic converters have been used in vehicle emission control systems in the United States and Canada ; many other countries have also adopted stringent vehicle emission regulations that in effect require three-way converters on gasoline-powered vehicles.

Since field emission characteristics are determined by the local field F, then the higher the γ-value of the object, then the lower the value of F < sub > M </ sub > at which significant emission occurs.

Since there may also be voltage dependence in other factors in a Fowler-Nordheim-type equation, in particular in the notional emission area A < sub > r </ sub > and in the local work-function, it is not necessarily expected that κ for CFE from a metal of local work-function 4. 5 eV should have the value κ

Since January 2008, Milan introduced a traffic charge scheme as a one-year trial, called Ecopass, and exempts high emission standard vehicles and some alternate fuel vehicles.

Since the absorption and emission of light follow the laws of quantum mechanics, only photons with specific energies can be absorbed.

Since the year 2000, India started adopting European emission and fuel regulations for four-wheeled light-duty and for heavy-dc.

Since the car still has to meet its emission standards, which depend on the cars year of construction, its easier for older cars.

Since 1969 the FDA has limited TV X-ray emission to 0. 5 mR ( milliroentgen ) per hour.

Since Hodge 301 formed, it is estimated that at least 40 stars within it have exploded as supernovae, giving rise to violent gas motions within the surrounding nebula and emission of x-rays.

Since 1987, he has used positron emission tomography ( PET ) and functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) to study the human visual brain.

Since the backwave is already in opposite polarity with the front wave, this inversion brings the two emissions in phase ( although the vent emission is lagging byFHDHDFX one wave period ) and therefore they reinforce each other.

Since the total flight-time difference between " fast " and " slow " lightsignals would be expected to scale linearly with distance in simple emission theory, and the study would ( statistically ) have included stars with a reasonable spread of distances and orbital speeds and orientations, deSitter concluded that the effect should have been seen if the model was correct, and its absence meant that the emission theory was almost certainly wrong.

Since the position of the energy levels in the system is primarily determined by the layer thicknesses and not the material, it is possible to tune the emission wavelength of QCLs over a wide range in the same material system.

Since the total number of trials is equal to the number of successes plus the number of failures, this definition differs from ours by adding constant r.

Since the math differs from service to service, the number of conductors and sensors in the meters also vary.

Since defined this way differs from by a constant, we have in general

Since 2007 TV Globo also operates a premium channel which originates from Lisbon, Portugal, called TV Globo Portugal, TV Globo Portugal differs from the TV Globo feed in Europe due to contractual agreements with other broadcast networks in Portugal, mainly SIC Portugal, which holds first run rights to some TV Globo programming like novelas.

Since information on Japan differs considerably among the four copies, the original condition is unreconstructible.

Since the shuffle interleaves bits from higher order to lower order, identifying the coordinate with the largest most significant bit, identifies the first bit in the shuffle order which differs, and that coordinate can be used to compare the two points.

Since the Moon's sidereal period differs from its synodic period, the perigee of the Moon ( the point where it is closest to the Earth ) does not stay in sync with the phases of the Moon.

Since frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional, this is equivalent to saying that the frequency of the light is reduced towards the red part of the light spectrum, giving this phenomenon the name redshift.

Since the electron's wavelength is determined by its momentum, orbitals containing higher speed electrons show contraction due to smaller wavelengths.

Since the refractive index for a given medium changes depending on the wavelength of light, Brewster's angle will also vary with wavelength.

Since with electromagnetic radiation like microwaves frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength, the wavelength of the waves is also affected.

Since wavelength and frequency are tied together through a simple directly inverse relationship, the two terms actually describe the same concept.

* Transceivers – Since communication over a single wavelength is one-way ( simplex communication ), and most practical communication systems require two-way ( duplex communication ) communication, two wavelengths will be required ( which might or might not be on the same fiber, but typically they will be each on a separate fiber in a so-called fiber pair ).

Since is a function of wavelength, a molar circular dichroism value () must specify the wavelength at which it is valid.

Since the wavenumber k, is the inverse of wavelength ( k = 1 / λ ) the previous equation can be rewritten as

Since that refractive index varies with wavelength, it follows that the angle that the light is refracted by will also vary with wavelength, causing an angular separation of the colors known as angular dispersion.

Since the size of a directional antenna depends on it being large compared to the wavelength, very directional antennas of this sort are mainly feasible at UHF and microwave frequencies.

Since the first ionization energy of hydrogen and oxygen are both 14 eV, the spectrum of ionizing radiation is commonly defined to start at approximately 10 eV ( equivalent to a far ultraviolet wavelength of 124 nanometers ).

Since blue light is at the short wavelength end of the visible spectrum, it is more strongly scattered in the atmosphere than long wavelength red light.

Since the basic physical phenomenon is based on diffraction, the periodicity of the photonic crystal structure has to be of the same length-scale as half the wavelength of the EM waves i. e. ~ 200 nm ( blue ) to 350 nm ( red ) for photonic crystals operating in the visible part of the spectrum-the repeating regions of high and low dielectric constants have to be of this dimension.

Since cones respond to both the wavelength and intensity of light, the cone's sensitivity to wavelength is measured in terms of its relative rate of response if the intensity of a stimulus is held fixed, while the wavelength is varied.

Since the likelihood of response of a given cone varies not only with the wavelength of the light that hits it but also with its intensity, the brain would not be able to discriminate different colors if it had input from only one type of cone.

Since the signal travels from the SAR antenna to the target and back again, the measured displacement is twice the unit of wavelength.

Since a decrease in energy corresponds to an increase in light's wavelength, this effect would produce a redshift in spectral lines that increase proportionally with the distance of the source.