Since direct observations of climate are not available before the 19th century, paleoclimates are inferred from proxy variables that include non-biotic evidence such as sediments found in lake beds and ice cores, and biotic evidence such as tree rings and coral.

Since the separation of variables in this case involves dividing by y, we must check if the constant function y = 0 is a solution of the original equation.

Since no variables of this language range over the reals, we cannot simply copy the earlier definition of definability.

Since version 20, GNU Emacs has included a " Customize " facility which allows users to set common customization variables through a graphical interface.

Since terms of linear equations cannot contain products of distinct or equal variables, nor any power ( other than 1 ) or other function of a variable, equations involving terms such as xy, x < sup > 2 </ sup >, y < sup > 1 / 3 </ sup >, and sin ( x ) are nonlinear.

Since subtraction can be replaced by addition of the opposite quantity, and since positive whole number exponents can be replaced by repeated multiplication, all polynomials can be constructed from constants and variables using only addition and multiplication.

Since the query contained no variables, no bindings are reported to the user.

Since each sample is a random variable, the sample mean is a function of random variables and hence a random variable itself, whose distribution can be computed and properties determined.

( Since the sub-structure is usually represented in the computer by a set of integer variables with constraints, these problems can be viewed as special cases of constraint satisfaction or discrete optimization ; but they are usually formulated and solved in a more abstract setting where the internal representation is not explicitly mentioned.

Since determinants of supply and demand other than the price of the good in question are not explicitly represented in the supply-demand diagram, changes in the values of these variables are represented by moving the supply and demand curves ( often described as " shifts " in the curves ).

Since these variables do not stand for individual objects, it seems we are “ ontologically committed ” to entities other than individuals — sets, classes, and so on.

The vertical axis represents the real interest rate, i. Since this is a non-dynamic model, there is a fixed relationship between the nominal interest rate and the real interest rate ( the former equals the latter plus the expected inflation rate which is exogenous in the short run ); therefore variables such as money demand which actually depend on the nominal interest rate can equivalently be expressed as depending on the real interest rate.

Since the religious status of a Kohen is contingent upon being the male biological descendant of Aaron in conjunction with numerous other variables that are not subject to genetic testing ( the wife of a kohen cannot have had relations with a non-Jew, be a divorcee etc.

Since we no longer need, we can instead overwrite it with its own reversal using this in-place algorithm which will only need constant additional storage for the auxiliary variables and, no matter how large the array is.

Since the thermodynamical variables of the system are well defined in the initial state and the final state, the internal energy increase,, the entropy increase, and the total amount of work that can be extracted, performed by the system,, are well-defined quantities.

Since and are independent variables, and may be chosen without restriction.

Since arithmetic and geometric means are equal iff the variables are constant, see, inequality of arithmetic and geometric means, we establish the claim of unit modulus.

Since the 1930s, the term has been in general use in social science, especially as a variable whose sub-components needed to be distinguished in relationship to other sociological variables.

Since the 1990s many long-term risk management models have incorporated economic relationships between simulated variables in an attempt to detect high-exposure future scenarios ( often through a Monte Carlo method ).

Since all this, done as a pure substance is valid in a mix just adding the subscript to all the intensive variables and

Since most of the variables will be non-basic and assume a value of zero in the optimal solution, only a subset of variables need to be considered in theory when solving the problem.

Since there are four unknown forces ( or variables ) ( V < sub > A </ sub >, V < sub > B </ sub >, V < sub > C </ sub > and H < sub > A </ sub >) but only three equilibrium equations, this system of simultaneous equations does not have a unique solution.

Since the unfiltered variables are not known, it is impossible to directly calculate.

* Synchronization: Since digital information is conveyed by the sequence in which symbols are ordered, all digital schemes have some method for determining the beginning of a sequence.

" Since there are at present no such untaxed Native Americans ( Indians ), all persons inhabiting a state — whether citizens or not — count towards the population of that state in determining the state's congressional apportionment.

Since the 1920s, X-ray diffraction has been the principal method for determining the arrangement of atoms in minerals and metals.

Since a clear archetype for determining guilt does not exist, the criminal justice system must rely on rulings handed down by juries.

Since many of the same genetic mechanisms involved in determining sexually dimorphic traits have been preserved during evolution to this day in fruitflies, mice, and humans, understanding how these genetic mechanisms work can lead to improved healthcare that takes into account sex differences.

Since determining the order of execution of operations ( including which operations can execute simultaneously ) is handled by the compiler, the processor does not need the scheduling hardware that the three techniques described above require.

Since data could be in one of three memory spaces, a mechanism is usually provided to allow determining to which memory a pointer refers, either by constraining the pointer type to include the memory space, or by storing metadata with the pointer.

Since the early days of surveying, this was the primary method of determining accurate positions of objects for topographic maps of large areas.

Since the calendar uses astronomical calculation for determining the vernal equinox, it has no intrinsic error, but this makes it an observation based calendar.

Since local apparent time could be determined with some ease, the problem centred on finding a means of determining the time at a known place.

Since these channels themselves play a major role in determining the voltage, the global dynamics of the system can be quite difficult to work out.

Since Paul records very little of Jesus ' life and activities, these are of little help in determining facts about the life of Jesus, although they may contain references to information given to Paul from the eyewitnesses of Jesus.

Since a traditional pre-SI unit of water depth was the fathom, an instrument used for determining water depth is sometimes called a fathometer.

Since the 1960s, laws on determining death have therefore been implemented in all countries with active organ transplantation programs.

Since then, more research has focused on determining both the effectiveness and the underlying physiological mechanisms leading to symptom improvement.

Since the onset of knock is sensitive to the in-cylinder pressure, temperature and autoignition chemistry associated with the local mixture compositions within the combustion chamber, simulations which account for all of these aspects have thus proven most effective in determining knock operating limits and enabling engineers to determine the most appropriate operating strategy.

Since 1968 there is the Risch algorithm for determining indefinite integrals that can be expressed in term of elementary functions, typically using a computer algebra system.

Since the entire early application pool is evaluated in determining who to grant application invitations to, the overall admissions rate of the program is less than 1 %.

Since there had been neither witnesses nor survivors, Dr. Warren conceived of a crash-survivable method to record the flight crew's conversation ( and other pre-crash data ), reasoning they would greatly assist in determining a cause and enabling the prevention of future, avoidable accidents of the same type.

Since Quaker decision making is generally based on seeking " unity " at the level of a Monthly meeting ( convened sometimes for business, and more often for worship, and is the basic unit of Quakerism — a meeting is equivalent to a single congregation, sometimes to a parish or group of churches in an area ), determining a particular Quaker attitude is difficult on this or any topic.

Since the process may involve complex tasks such as understanding context and determining the part of speech of a word in a sentence ( requiring, for example, knowledge of the grammar of a language ) it can be a hard task to implement a lemmatiser for a new language.

Since no complete text of any Jewish-Christian Gospel survives, a primary task of scholarship is determining how many distinct Gospels are indicated by the patristic evidence.

Since this reflex is commonly not found in healthy people, its predictive value in determining the risk for swallowing disorders is severely limited.

Since 2002, the following set of guidelines have been adopted for use in determining each year's USAMO participants: