Since direct observations of climate are not available before the 19th century, paleoclimates are inferred from proxy variables that include non-biotic evidence such as sediments found in lake beds and ice cores, and biotic evidence such as tree rings and coral.

Since the separation of variables in this case involves dividing by y, we must check if the constant function y = 0 is a solution of the original equation.

Since no variables of this language range over the reals, we cannot simply copy the earlier definition of definability.

Since version 20, GNU Emacs has included a " Customize " facility which allows users to set common customization variables through a graphical interface.

Since terms of linear equations cannot contain products of distinct or equal variables, nor any power ( other than 1 ) or other function of a variable, equations involving terms such as xy, x < sup > 2 </ sup >, y < sup > 1 / 3 </ sup >, and sin ( x ) are nonlinear.

Since subtraction can be replaced by addition of the opposite quantity, and since positive whole number exponents can be replaced by repeated multiplication, all polynomials can be constructed from constants and variables using only addition and multiplication.

Since the query contained no variables, no bindings are reported to the user.

Since each sample is a random variable, the sample mean is a function of random variables and hence a random variable itself, whose distribution can be computed and properties determined.

( Since the sub-structure is usually represented in the computer by a set of integer variables with constraints, these problems can be viewed as special cases of constraint satisfaction or discrete optimization ; but they are usually formulated and solved in a more abstract setting where the internal representation is not explicitly mentioned.

Since determinants of supply and demand other than the price of the good in question are not explicitly represented in the supply-demand diagram, changes in the values of these variables are represented by moving the supply and demand curves ( often described as " shifts " in the curves ).

Since these variables do not stand for individual objects, it seems we are “ ontologically committed ” to entities other than individuals — sets, classes, and so on.

The vertical axis represents the real interest rate, i. Since this is a non-dynamic model, there is a fixed relationship between the nominal interest rate and the real interest rate ( the former equals the latter plus the expected inflation rate which is exogenous in the short run ); therefore variables such as money demand which actually depend on the nominal interest rate can equivalently be expressed as depending on the real interest rate.

Since the religious status of a Kohen is contingent upon being the male biological descendant of Aaron in conjunction with numerous other variables that are not subject to genetic testing ( the wife of a kohen cannot have had relations with a non-Jew, be a divorcee etc.

Since we no longer need, we can instead overwrite it with its own reversal using this in-place algorithm which will only need constant additional storage for the auxiliary variables and, no matter how large the array is.

Since and are independent variables, and may be chosen without restriction.

Since arithmetic and geometric means are equal iff the variables are constant, see, inequality of arithmetic and geometric means, we establish the claim of unit modulus.

Since the 1930s, the term has been in general use in social science, especially as a variable whose sub-components needed to be distinguished in relationship to other sociological variables.

Since the 1990s many long-term risk management models have incorporated economic relationships between simulated variables in an attempt to detect high-exposure future scenarios ( often through a Monte Carlo method ).

Since the variables determining such reactions were not understood, therapeutic transformations of this kind were not readily replicable.

Since all this, done as a pure substance is valid in a mix just adding the subscript to all the intensive variables and

Since most of the variables will be non-basic and assume a value of zero in the optimal solution, only a subset of variables need to be considered in theory when solving the problem.

Since there are four unknown forces ( or variables ) ( V < sub > A </ sub >, V < sub > B </ sub >, V < sub > C </ sub > and H < sub > A </ sub >) but only three equilibrium equations, this system of simultaneous equations does not have a unique solution.

Since the unfiltered variables are not known, it is impossible to directly calculate.

Since morale is closely related to pattern maintenance and integration, the higher the morale and solidarity, the better the system can solve the problems of the system.

Since experience indicates that effluents from oxidation ponds do not create major problems at these BOD concentrations, the goal for the effluent quality of the accelerated treatment system was the same as from conventional oxidation ponds.

Since the fourth ceremony, the system changed, and professionals were honored for a specific performance in a single film.

Since the adoption of a new constitution, early in 2010, the politics of Angola takes place in a framework of a presidential republic, whereby the President of Angola is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system.

Since the 1951 general election, the party system has been dominated by the personalist Antigua Labour Party ( ALP ), dominated by the Bird family, particularly Prime Ministers Vere and Lester Bird.

Since in oral languages the elements of sound are for the most part produced linearly in time ( that is, in a word like cat the a sound comes after the c sound, and the t sound comes after that ), they can generally be easily written in a linear ( one-dimensional ) writing system such as an alphabet.

Since this process does not involve any heat transfer or work, the First Law of Thermodynamics then implies that the net internal energy change of the system is zero.

Since 1990, AIX has served as the primary operating system for the RS / 6000 series ( later renamed IBM eServer pSeries, then IBM System p, and now IBM Power Systems ).

Since algorithms are platform-independent ( i. e. a given algorithm can be implemented in an arbitrary programming language on an arbitrary computer running an arbitrary operating system ), there are significant drawbacks to using an empirical approach to gauge the comparative performance of a given set of algorithms.

Since 31 December 2003, the system has been closed to new users, at that time, it covered 100 % of the Spanish population, but now some antennas have been given to GSM operators.

Since independence the party system has been dominated by the Botswana Democratic Party ( BDP ), which has never lost power since independence.

Since 1990, Bulgaria has an unstable party system, in the past two decades differently dominated by the post-communist Bulgarian Socialist Party or by the right Union of Democratic Forces and recently by the new right-oriented party-Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria.

Since the 12th century, courts have had parallel and co-equal authority to make law -- " legislating from the bench " is a traditional and essential function of courts, which was carried over into the U. S. system as an essential component of the " judicial power " specified by Article III of the U. S. constitution.

Since meat has a higher energy density than vegetables, and cooking it allows more nutrients to be liberated to the body, the introduction of cooked meat in the human diet reduced the energy requirements of the digestive system.

Since the start of the " Special Period " in 1991 ( energy shortages caused by the loss of the Soviet Union as a trading partner ), hitchhiking and carpooling have become important parts of Cuba's transportation system and society in general.

Since it reflects spoken language, it does not use the positional system as in Arabic numerals, in the same way that spelling out numbers in English does not.

Since the operating system has effectively suspended the execution of the first process, it can now load the PCB and context of the second process.

Since the invention of the MIDI system in the early 1980s, for example, some people have worked on programs which map MIDI notes to an algorithm and then can either output sounds or music through the computer's sound card or write an audio file for other programs to play.

Since the fall of the Republic, the authority of the Roman Senate had largely eroded under the quasi-monarchical system of government established by Augustus, known as the Principate.

Since the free energy is the maximum amount of work that can be extracted from a system, one can write:

Since at least the 1960s, when Marc Bloch's Feudal Society ( 1939 ) was first translated into English in 1961, many medieval historians have included a broader social aspect that includes not only the nobility but all three estates of the realm, adding the peasantry bonds of manorialism and the estates of the Church ; this is sometimes referred to as " feudal society " since it encompasses all members of society into the feudal system.

Since 1987, Australia has had an approved system of labelling for additives in packaged foods.

Since its reformation under private law in 1994, Deutsche Bahn AG ( DB AG ) no longer publishes details of the tracks it owns ; in addition to the DBAG system there are about 280 privately or locally owned railway companies which own an approximate 3, 000 km to 4, 000 km of the total tracks and use DB tracks in open access.

Since independence the party system is dominated by the conservative Gabonese Democratic Party.