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Sippar ( Sumerian: Zimbir ) was an ancient Near Eastern city on the east bank of the Euphrates river, located at the site of modern Tell Abu Habbah in Iraq's Babil Governorate, some 60 km north of Babylon and 30 km southeast of Baghdad.
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Sippar and Sumerian
In Sumerian, the name of the city of Sippar in modern-day Iraq was also a written UD. KIB. NUN, indicating a historically strong relationship between the city and the river.
Sippar was the cult site of the sun god ( Sumerian Utu, Akkadian Shamash ) and the home of his temple E-babbara.
In the Sumerian king list a king of Sippar, En-men-dur-ana, is listed as one of the early pre-dynastic
Xisuthros, the " Chaldean Noah " in Sumerian mythology, is said by Berossus to have buried the records of the antediluvian world here — possibly because the name of Sippar was supposed to be connected with sipru, " a writing ".
Sippar and was
Centuries later, the neo-Babylonian king Nabonidus mentioned in his archaeological records that Ishtar's worship in Agade was later superseded by that of the goddess Anunit, whose shrine was at Sippar — suggesting proximity of Sippar and Agade.
One theory holds that Agade was situated opposite Sippar on the left bank of the Euphrates, and was perhaps the oldest part of the city of Sippar.
A battle was fought at Opis in the month of June, where the Babylonians were defeated ; and immediately afterwards Sippar surrendered to the invader.
Nabonidus fled to Babylon, where he was pursued by Gobryas, and on the 16th day of Tammuz, two days after the capture of Sippar, " the soldiers of Cyrus entered Babylon without fighting.
Nebuchadnezzar's construction activity was not confined to the capital ; he is credited with the restoration of the Lake of Sippar, the opening of a port on the Persian Gulf, and the building of the Mede wall between the Tigris and the Euphrates to protect the country against incursions from the north.
Being close to Babylon, Sippar was an early addition to its empire under Hammurabi.
Sippar was on the east side of the Euphrates, while its sister city, Sippar-Amnanum, was on the west.
While pottery finds indicate that the site of Sippar was in use as early as the Uruk period, substantial occupation occurred only in the Early Dynastic period of the 3rd millennium BC, the Old Babylonian period of the
In 1894, Sippar was worked briefly by Jean-Vincent Scheil.
The origin of Marduk's name may reflect an earlier genealogy, or have had cultural ties to the ancient city of Sippar ( whose god was Utu, the sun god ), dating back to the third millennium BCE.
That same year, Humban-Haltash II of Elam began a campaign against Sippar, but was defeated by the Babylonians, and died soon afterwards.
The Babylonian army was routed, and on October 10, Sippar was seized without a battle, with little to no resistance from the populace.
Her cult was of considerable importance in Ebla from the mid 3rd millennium, and by the end of the 3rd millennium, she had temples in Nippur, Sippar, Kish, Harbidum, Larsa, and Urum.
Sippar and ancient
Surviving ancient writings of Pliny had made bare mention of three astronomical schools in Mesopotamia – at Babylon, Uruk and ' Hipparenum ' ( possibly ' Sippar ').
Sippar and city
Sippar has been suggested as the location of the Biblical Sepharvaim in the Old Testament, which alludes to the two parts of the city in its dual form.
In his 29th year of reign Sumu-la-El of Babylon reported building the city wall of Sippar.
Some years later Hammurabi of Babylon reported laying the foundations of the city wall of Sippar in his 23rd year and worked on the wall again in his 43rd year.
* Rivkah Harris, Ancient Sippar: a demographic study of an old-Babylonian city, 1894-1595 B. C., Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut, 1975
This in turn led to the nearby city of Sippar surrendering.
Sippar and on
Schnabel placed Kidinnu in Sippar, but Otto E. Neugebauer showed that Schnabel based this conclusion on a misreading of the cuneiform tablet.
Other tablets from Sippar were bought on the open market during that time and
Sippar and at
We find temples and shrines erected in his honour, e. g. at Nippur, Girsu, Ur, Babylon, Sippar, and Nineveh, and the numerous epithets given to him, as well as the various forms under which the god appears, alike bear witness to the popularity which he enjoyed from the earliest to the latest period of Babylonian-Assyrian history.
Given that thousands of cuneiform tablets have been recovered at the site, relatively little is known about the history of Sippar.
Hammurabi clay cone from Sippar at Louvre
* A. C. V. M. Bongenaar, The Neo-Babylonian Ebabbar Temple at Sippar: its administration and its prosopography, Nederlands Historisch-Archeologisch Instituut te Istanbul, 1997, ISBN 90-6258-081-5
* Year Named mentioning Sippar at CDLI
Sippar and modern
* c. 2254 BC – 2218 BC: Stela of Naram-Sin, probably from Sippar, discovered in Susa ( modern Shush, Iran ), is made.
Sippar and Babylon
Classical sources like Strabo mention different " schools " and " doctrines " followed in different places ( Babylon, Borsippa, Sippar, Uruk ).
The temple had been mentioned as early as the 18th year of Samsu-iluna of Babylon, who reported restoring " Ebabbar, the temple of Szamasz in Sippar ", along with the city's ziggurat.
The Babylonian territory consisted of Babylon, Borsippa, Kutha and Sippar.
Sippar and .
The kings who came before Hammurabi had begun to consolidate rule of central Mesopotamia under Babylonian hegemony and, by the time of his reign, had conquered the city-states of Borsippa, Kish, and Sippar.
700 BC, probably from Sippar.
Sumerian and was
The form Agade appears in Sumerian, for example in the Sumerian King List ; the later Assyro-Babylonian form Akkadû (" of or belonging to Akkad ") was likely derived from this.
The first known mention of the city of Akkad is in an inscription of Enshakushanna of Uruk, where he claims to have defeated Agade — indicating that it was in existence well before the days of Sargon of Akkad, whom the Sumerian King List claims to have built it.
Manishtushu's son and successor, Naram-Sin ( 2254 – 2218 BC ) ( Beloved of Sin ), assumed the imperial title " King Naram-Sin, king of the four quarters ( Lugal Naram-Sîn, Šar kibrat ' arbaim )", and, like his grandfather, was addressed as " the god ( Sumerian
During the Akkadian period, the Akkadian language became the lingua franca of the Middle East, and was officially used for administration, although the Sumerian language remained as a spoken and literary language.
Documents again began to be written in Sumerian, although Sumerian was becoming a purely literary or liturgical language, much as Latin later would be in Medieval Europe.
Traditionally, the ensi was the highest functionary of the Sumerian city-states.
One strategy adopted by both Sargon and Naram-Sin, to maintain control of the country, was to install their daughters, Enheduanna and Emmenanna respectively, as high priestess to Sin, the Akkadian version of the Sumerian moon deity, Nanna, at Ur, in the extreme south of Sumer ; to install sons as provincial ensi governors in strategic locations ; and to marry their daughters to rulers of peripheral parts of the Empire ( Urkesh and Marhashe ).
The destruction of cities by foreign invaders, and its resulting catastrophic suffering, unfortunately, was very common in the ancient Near East and, therefore, we can observe examples of the lament form / genre concerning destroyed cities and temples from extra-biblical sources, particularly from early Sumerian Literature dating to the late third and early second millennia BC.
Enlil ( nlin ), ( EN = Lord + LÍL = Storm, " Lord ( of the ) Storm ") was the name of a chief deity listed and written about in Sumerian religion, and later in Akkadian, Hittite, Canaanite and other Mesopotamian clay and stone tablets.
The exact meaning of his name is uncertain: the common translation is " Lord of the Earth ": the Sumerian en is translated as a title equivalent to " lord "; it was originally a title given to the High Priest ; ki means " earth "; but there are theories that ki in this name has another origin, possibly kig of unknown meaning, or kur meaning " mound ".
" In Sumerian E-A means " the house of water ", and it has been suggested that this was originally the name for the shrine to the God at Eridu.
This is also the title given in the Bible to Eve, the Hebrew Khavvah ( חוה ), the Aramaic Hawwah, who was made from the rib of Adam, in a strange reflection of the Sumerian myth, in which Adam — not Enki — walks in the Garden of Paradise.
In the past the favoured derivation of the name " Eden " was from the Akkadian edinnu, itself derived from a Sumerian word meaning " plain " or " steppe ", but it is now believed to be more closely related to an Aramaic root meaning " fruitful, well-watered.
Successively ruled by the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian, Medo-Persian, Seleucid and Parthian empires during the Iron Age and Classical Antiquity, Iraq was
The Sumerian historical record remains obscure until the Early Dynastic period, when a now deciphered syllabary writing system was developed, which has allowed archaeologists to read contemporary records and inscriptions.
The Babylonian ( and Assyrian ) culture was a synthesis of Akkadian and Sumerian culture.
Babylonians spoke the Akkadian language, and retained the Sumerian language for religious use, which by Hammurabi's time was declining as a spoken language.
The earliest language written in Mesopotamia was Sumerian, an agglutinative language isolate.
Akkadian, came to be the dominant language during the Akkadian Empire and the Assyrian empires, but Sumerian was retained for administration, religious, literary, and scientific purposes.
A considerable amount of Babylonian literature was translated from Sumerian originals, and the language of religion and law long continued to be the old agglutinative language of Sumer.
One of the most famous of these was the Epic of Gilgamesh, in twelve books, translated from the original Sumerian by a certain Sin-liqe-unninni, and arranged upon an astronomical principle.
The Sumerian calendar was based on the seven-day week.
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