In Peru and Rio de la Plata many powerful figures proposed an American Monarchy such as those who wanted an independent Peruvian king of the still alive Inca Royal House, and those who requested a Prince of the Spanish house of Bourbon to come and rule directly in Lima, Mexico City or Bogota, as the Portuguese House of Orleans-Braganza had done in Rio de Janeiro.

Prior to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, northern and central Chile was under Inca rule while independent Mapuche inhabited south-central Chile.

The greatest resistance to Spanish rule came from the Mapuche culture, who opposed European conquest and colonization until the 1880s ; this resistance is known as the Arauco War.

The second period was characterized by the Spanish attempts to reimpose arbitrary rule during the period known as the Reconquista of 1814 – 1817 (" Reconquest ": the term echoes the Reconquista in which the Christian kingdoms retook Iberia from the Muslims ).

During this period, the harsh rule of the Spanish loyalists, who punished suspected rebels, drove more and more Chileans into the insurrectionary camp.

A series of rebellions during the 19th century failed to end Spanish rule.

The Taínos were initially organized by cacique ( chieftain ) Hatuey, who had himself relocated from Hispaniola to escape the brutalities of Spanish rule on that island.

The Spanish colonial rule posited, according to Cahill, that the character and quality of people varied according to their color, race and origin of ethnic types.

* Spanish colonization of the Americas, the period of history of Spanish rule over most of the Americas, from the 15th century through the late 19th century

Parliament was actively hostile towards the Spanish throne, and thus, when called by James, hoped for a crusade under the leadership of the king to rescue Protestants on the continent from Habsburg rule.

In 1586, Sir Francis Drake captured the city of Santo Domingo, collecting a ransom for its return to Spanish rule.

Meanwhile, Francisco Pizarro's brother, Juan Pizarro, had arrested Inca Manco Inca Yupanqui, further complicating Almagro's plans as it heavily increased the dissatisfaction of the Indians submitted to Spanish rule.

Thus, this early revolt against colonial rule ( one of the first in Spanish America ) was, paradoxically, an expression of loyalty to the Spanish king.

The second chapter in Ecuador's struggle for emancipation from Spanish colonial rule began in Guayaquil, where independence was proclaimed in October 1820 by a local patriotic junta under the leadership of the poet José Joaquín de Olmedo.

First, the country found itself on the front lines of Gran Colombia's efforts to liberate Peru from Spanish rule between 1822 and 1825 ; afterward, in 1828 and 1829, Ecuador was in the middle of an armed struggle between Peru and Gran Colombia over the location of their common border.

Conflicting claims to the mainland were settled in 1900 by the Treaty of Paris, and periodically, the mainland territories were united administratively under Spanish rule.

Agustín de Iturbide, the general who helped secure Mexican independence from Spanish rule, was proclaimed Emperor Agustín I in 12 July 1822, but was overthrown by the Plan of Casa Mata the next year.

Asked about the liberal, non-democratic rule by a Chilean interviewer, Hayek is translated from German to Spanish to English as having said, " As long term institutions, I am totally against dictatorships.

The history of Guam involves phases including the early arrival of people known today as the ancient Chamorros, the development of " pre-contact " society, Spanish colonization, and the present American rule of the island.

They did not, until the period of Muslim rule, merge with the Spanish population, preferring to remain separate, and indeed the Visigothic language left only the faintest mark on the modern languages of Iberia.

The rule of the Spanish Bourbons continued under Ferdinand VI ( 1746 – 1759 ) and Charles III ( 1759 – 1788 ).

The supporters of reform and of limitations on the absolutist rule of the Spanish throne rallied behind Isabella and the regent, Maria Christina ; these reformists were called " Cristinos.

After the tumult of the First Spanish Republic, Spaniards were willing to accept a return to stability under Bourbon rule.

Dresses were short in the days of Mrs. Coolidge, and Spanish shawls were thrown over them.

However, years of activism, and fighting for the Republican side of the Spanish Civil War have left him disillusioned .</ br > When the plague epidemic is virtually over, Tarrou becomes one of its last victims, but puts up a heroic struggle before dying.

* 1704 – War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Blenheim – English and Imperial forces are victorious over French and Bavarian troops.

Stradling and half a dozen of the crew survived the loss of their ship, but were made prisoners by the Spanish, as the War of the Spanish Succession was going on ( England and the Netherlands were in conflict with France and Spain over who was to be King of Spain ).

* 1557 – Battle of St. Quentin: Spanish victory over the French in the Habsburg-Valois Wars.

They are proficient at cheating at ventiuna ( Spanish for twenty-one ), and state that the object of the game is to reach 21 points without going over and that the ace values 1 or 11.

Encouraged by these early gains Louis XIV urged Marshal Villeroi to go over to the offensive in the Spanish Netherlands and, with victory, gain a ' fair ' peace.

However, there are some Jews, particularly the Spanish and Portuguese Jews, who do hold public readings of the Book of Job on the Tisha B ' Av fast ( a day of mourning over the destruction of the First and Second Temples and other tragedies ).

You wouldn't like me when I'm angry ", became a catchphrase the world over ( the phrase was used again, first in Ang Lee's Hulk ( 2003 ), although in Spanish, and again in the 2008 movie The Incredible Hulk, with an altered version in Portuguese ).

San Martín considered the liberation of Chile a strategic stepping-stone to the emancipation of Peru, which he saw as the key to hemispheric victory over the Spanish.

Clergyman Bartolomé de Las Casas observed a number of massacres initiated by the invaders as the Spanish swept over the island, notably the massacre near Camagüey of the inhabitants of Caonao.

Pressure from London sugar merchants fearing a decline in sugar prices forced a series of negotiations with the Spanish over colonial territories.

In the context of emerging western imperialism and economic competition between European kingdoms seeking wealth through the establishment of trade routes and colonies, Columbus's speculative proposal, to reach the East Indies by sailing westward, eventually received the support of the Spanish crown, which saw in it a promise, however remote, of gaining the upper hand over rival powers in the contest for the lucrative spice trade with Asia.

Columbus's strained relationship with the Spanish crown and its appointed colonial administrators in America led to his arrest and dismissal as governor of the settlements on the island of Hispaniola in 1500, and later to protracted litigation over the benefits which Columbus and his heirs claimed were owed to them by the crown.

Noting that using a word with caca in it to describe a thick, brown beverage would not have gone over well with most speakers of Spanish due to the fact that caca means faeces in Spanish, the Coes suggest that the Spanish colonisers combined the Nahuatl atl with the Yucatec Maya chocol, for unlike the Aztec, the Maya tended to drink chocolate heated.

Charles and the Duke of Buckingham, James's favourite and a man who had great influence over the prince, together travelled incognito to Spain in 1623 in an attempt to reach agreement on the long-pending Spanish Match.

Atahualpa's final victory over Huáscar in the days just before the Spanish conquerors arrived resulted in large part from the loyalty of two of Huayna Capac's best generals, who were based in Quito along with Atahualpa.

In 1822 Ecuadorian troops, alongside other rebel forces, scored a decisive victory over the Spanish royalist army at the Battle of Pichincha.

With the death of the infirm and childless Charles II of Spain on 1 November 1700, the succession of the Spanish throne and subsequent control over her empire once again embroiled Europe in war – the War of the Spanish Succession.