The pelts of arctic foxes with a slate blue coloration — an expression of a recessive gene — were especially valuable.

The kindling effect leads to persistent functional changes in brain neural circuits as well as to gene expression.

Fire and Craig C. Mello received the 2006 Nobel Prize for discovering the role of RNA interference ( RNAi ), in the silencing of gene expression.

Major research efforts in the field include sequence alignment, gene finding, genome assembly, drug design, drug discovery, protein structure alignment, protein structure prediction, prediction of gene expression and protein – protein interactions, genome-wide association studies and the modeling of evolution.

The expression of many genes can be determined by measuring mRNA levels with multiple techniques including microarrays, expressed cDNA sequence tag ( EST ) sequencing, serial analysis of gene expression ( SAGE ) tag sequencing, massively parallel signature sequencing ( MPSS ), RNA-Seq, also known as " Whole Transcriptome Shotgun Sequencing " ( WTSS ), or various applications of multiplexed in-situ hybridization.

All of these techniques are extremely noise-prone and / or subject to bias in the biological measurement, and a major research area in computational biology involves developing statistical tools to separate signal from noise in high-throughput gene expression studies.

** gene expression — heterochromatin — promoter — enhancer — operon

gli1 and gli2 transcription is activated by Shh, and their gene products act as transcriptional activators for their own expression and for targets downstream of Shh signaling.

Through quorum sensing, bacteria are able to sense the density of cells, and regulate gene expression accordingly.

The function of the nucleus is to maintain the integrity of these genes and to control the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression — the nucleus is, therefore, the control center of the cell.

Nuclear transport is crucial to cell function, as movement through the pores is required for both gene expression and chromosomal maintenance.

* Transfection introduces a new gene into a cell, usually an expression construct

The primary functions of chromatin are: to package DNA into a smaller volume to fit in the cell, to strengthen the DNA to allow mitosis and meiosis and prevent DNA damage, and to control gene expression and DNA replication.

The phenomenon, as opposed to simple probabilistic models of transcription, can account for the high variability in gene expression occurring between cells in isogenic populations.

The development of a new life is a spectacular process and represents a masterpiece of temporal and spatial control of gene expression.

The Polycomb gene FIE is expressed ( blue ) in unfertilised egg cells of the moss Physcomitrella patens ( right ) and expression ceases after fertilisation in the developing diploid sporophyte ( left ).

A cell stays a certain cell type by maintaining a particular pattern of gene expression.

External signals can alter gene expression by activating a receptor, which triggers a signaling cascade that affects transcription factors.

* Ectopic expression, the expression of a gene in an abnormal place in an organism

Changes in an environmental variable ( e. g. human nutrition ) may cause different genes to be gene expression | expressed during childhood.

In 2006, a pig was engineered to produce omega-3 fatty acids through the expression of a roundworm gene.

The most common form of genetic engineering involves the insertion of a functional gene at an unspecified location in the host genome. This is accomplished by isolating and copying the gene of interest, generating a construct containing all the genetic elements for correct expression, and then inserting this construct into a random location in the host organism.

* Carrier screening, or the identification of unaffected individuals who carry one copy of a gene for a disease that requires two copies for the disease to manifest ;

Further screening of the gene has since identified multiple additional cases of FOXP2 disruption, including different point mutations and chromosomal rearrangements, providing further evidence that damage to one copy of this gene is sufficient to derail speech and language development.

* carrier screening, which involves identifying unaffected individuals who carry one copy of a gene for a disease that requires two copies for the disease to be expressed, these are some examples:

Many screening variations have been devised to elucidate a gene that leads to a mutant phenotype of interest.

Tests used for this purpose include cross-species hybridization, identification of unmethylated CpG islands, exon trapping, direct cDNA selection, computer analysis of DNA sequence, mutation screening in affected individuals, and tests of gene expression.

CHO cells are used in studies of genetics, toxicity screening, nutrition and gene expression, particularly to express recombinant proteins.

Reporter genes can be used as markers, such as the lacZ gene which codes for β-galactosidase used in blue-white screening.

This method of screening relies on the principle of α-complementation, where a fragment of the lacZ gene ( lacZα ) in the plasmid can complement another mutant lacZ gene ( lacZΔM15 ) in the cell.

Multiple cycles of creating gene variants and screening the expression products are typically involved in directed evolution experiments.

In the early 1980s Prof Morris was the first to clone the gene for human renin, as well as the first human kallikrein gene ( showing that it was prostate-specific, relevant to prostate cancer screening, just as its closest relative PSA ).

Molecular DNA-or RNA-based probes are now routinely used in screening gene libraries, detecting nucleotide sequences with blotting methods, and in other gene technologies, such as nucleic acid and tissue microarrays.

A method called enhancer-trap screening reveals the diversity of spatiotemporal gene expression patterns possible in an organism.

The lab has a complete gene disruption library for yeast of all non-essential genes, making across the board genome screening and gene study a useful tool.

High risk screening, neonatal screening and a diagnosis of macrocephaly were the ways to identify bearers of the GCDH defective gene who weren't frankly symptomatic.

A marker for screening will make cells containing the gene look different.

The diagnosis is based on the biochemical findings ( increased concentrations of lysine, arginine and ornithine in urine and low concentrations of these amino acids in plasma, elevation of urinary orotic acid excretion after protein-rich meals, and inappropriately high concentrations of serum ferritin and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes ) and the screening of known mutations of the causative gene from a DNA sample.

Issues the Society advocates for include tobacco control, ornamental use of pesticides, health systems reform, occupational carcinogen exposure, cancer screening and gene patenting.

Other disorders are also due to recessive alleles, but because the gene locus is located on the X chromosome, so that males have only one copy ( that is, they are hemizygous ), they are more frequent in males than in females.

The large and diverse population of antibodies is generated by random combinations of a set of gene segments that encode different antigen binding sites ( or paratopes ), followed by random mutations in this area of the antibody gene, which create further diversity.

While all prokaryotes reproduce asexually ( without the formation and fusion of gametes ), mechanisms for lateral gene transfer such as conjugation, transformation and transduction are sometimes likened to sexual reproduction.

When this gene was inserted into tomato and tobacco cells ( see RNA interference ), the cells were able to withstand environmental stresses like salt, drought, cold and heat, far more than ordinary cells.

* Crt ( genetics ), a gene cluster

* CPD ( gene ), a human gene encoding the protein Carboxypeptidase D

* CPM ( gene ), a human gene encoding the protein carboxypeptidase M

When scientists transfer a gene from one cell into another cell in order to express the new genetic material as a protein in the recipient cell, the cDNA will be added to the recipient ( rather than the entire gene ), because the DNA for an entire gene may include DNA that does not code for the protein or that interrupts the coding sequence of the protein ( e. g., introns ).

* CIT ( gene ), a human gene that encodes the enzyme Citron Rho-interacting kinase

Genetics deals with the molecular structure and function of genes, gene behavior in context of a cell or organism ( e. g. dominance and epigenetics ), patterns of inheritance from parent to offspring, and gene distribution, variation and change in populations, such as through Genome-Wide Association Studies.

GMOs are used in biological, Anal lube, and medical research, production of pharmaceutical drugs, experimental medicine ( e. g. gene therapy ), and agriculture ( e. g. golden rice ).

Due to the diploidy of humans ( and most animals ), there are two alleles for any given gene.

For four years T-cells ( white blood cells ), produced by stem cells, made ADA enzymes using the ADA gene.

In May 2008, three groups reported positive results using gene therapy to treat Leber's Congenital Amaurosis ( LCA ), a rare inherited retinal degenerative disorder that causes blindness in children.

This gene therapy involves injection of a transfer gene, calcium-sensitive potassium channel ( hMaxi-K ), into the penis.