Super PACs, officially known as " independent-expenditure only committees ," may not make contributions to candidate campaigns or parties, but may engage in unlimited political spending independently of the campaigns.

Super PACs were made possible by two judicial decisions.

According to Federal Election Commission advisories, Super PACs are not allowed to coordinate directly with candidates or political parties.

Super PACs may support particular candidacies.

Super PACs are often run or advised by a candidate's former staff or associates.

According to data from the Center for Responsive Politics, the top 100 individual super PAC donors in 2011 – 2012 made up just 3. 7 % of contributors, but accounted for more than 80 % of the total money raised, while less than 0. 5 % of the money given to “ the most active Super PACs ” was donated by publicly traded corporations.

Super PACs have been criticized for relying heavily on negative ads.

Many have argued that Super PACs, while meeting the requirements for legal independence, are often not truly independent of the candidates they support.

Super PACs are often managed by close associates, former staff, or a candidate's immediate family.

Pew Research Center ran a poll in January 2012 to find out how many voters were aware of the ruling on Super PACs and whether they found Super PACs had a positive or negative effect on the political campaign.

They also found that most ( 60 % to 67 %) felt that Super PACs had a negative effect on the political campaign process.

As of February 2012, according to Center for Responsive Politics, 313 groups organized as Super PACs had received $ 98, 650, 993 and spent $ 46, 191, 479.

John Nichols & Robert W. McChesney, “ After ‘ Citizens United ’: The Attack of the Super PACs ,” The Nation, February 6, pp. 1, 11-17. http :// www. thenation. com / article / 165733 / after-citizens-united-attack-super-pacs? page = full

Technically, almost all political committees, including state, local, and federal candidate committees, traditional political action committees, " Super PACs ", and political parties are " 527s.

Circuit ruling in Speechnow. org v. Federal Election Commission created independent expenditure-only committees known as Super PACs which, like 527s, can raise unlimited amounts of money from individuals, unions, associations and corporations to influence elections.

The ad lampooned the flimsiness of legal restrictions against Super PACs coordinating with the candidates they support.

However, in their first-ever Super Bowl appearance, they were defeated 34 – 19, by the defending champion Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXXIII.

In 2010, with a regular season record of 13 – 3, their best regular season record since the 1998 Super Bowl season, the Falcons secured a third straight winning season, their fourth overall divisional title, and the top overall seed in the NFC playoffs ; however, the Falcons were overpowered by the eventual Super Bowl XLV champion Green Bay Packers in the NFC Divisional Playoffs 48 – 21.

They were replaced by shorter-range AIM-120 AMRAAMs, employed on the F / A-18 Hornet and F / A-18E / F Super Hornet.

They were replaced by shorter-range AIM-120 AMRAAMs, employed on the F / A-18E / F Super Hornet.

The other three were Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Mass., Inc., 366 U. S. 617 ( 1961 ); Braunfeld v. Brown, 366 U. S. 599 ( 1961 ); Two Guys from Harrison vs. McGinley, 366 U. S. 582 ( 1961 ).

The Rams were only one year removed from a Super Bowl appearance, and had dominated the series with the 49ers for nearly a decade.

The Panthers were then headed to their first Super Bowl in team history, to be played against the New England Patriots.

While the Super Bowl XX Champion Bears were a fixture of mainstream American pop culture in the 1980s, the Bears made a prior mark with the 1971 American TV movie Brian's Song starring Billy Dee Williams as Gale Sayers and James Caan as Brian Piccolo.

The team took a risk by recording and releasing the song before the playoffs had even begun, but were able to avoid embarrassment by going on to win Super Bowl XX by a then-record margin of 46 – 10.

During the 1970s and 1980s, the Bengals were a perennial playoff contender and they won AFC championships in and, but lost Super Bowls XVI and XXIII to the San Francisco 49ers.

The Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders soon gained the spotlight with their revealing outfits and sophisticated dance moves, which debuted in the 1972 – 1973 season, but were first seen widely in Super Bowl X ( 1976 ).

Well-known clones were the Oceanic OC-118 aka Excelerator +, the MSD Super Disk single and dual drives, the Enhancer 2000, the Indus GT, and CMD's FD-2000 and FD-4000.

The teams were split into two pools, with the top three teams in each pool advancing to the Super 6.

Many of the producers behind the Super Tuscan movement were originally Chianti producers who were rebelling against what they felt were antiquated DOC regulations.

Gailey led the team to two playoff appearances with a 10 – 6 record in 1998 and an NFC East championship, but the Cowboys were defeated in the playoffs by the Arizona Cardinals 20-7 ; after an 8 – 8 season in 1999 ( during which Irvin suffered a career-ending spinal injury in a loss to the Philadelphia Eagles ) ending in another playoff loss ( this time to the Minnesota Vikings 27-10 ), he was fired and became the first Cowboys coach who did not take the team to a Super Bowl.

The Cowboys were eliminated by the ( eventual Super Bowl Champion ) Giants in the divisional round of the playoffs, the first NFC No. 1 seed to do so since the playoff re-alignment.

This curse purportedly became popular after the team lost Super Bowl V, when they were forced to wear their colored jersey because they were the designated home team.

Since the 1970 NFL-AFL merger, league rules were changed to allow the Super Bowl home team to pick their choice of jersey.

The Steelers won Super Bowl X and Super Bowl XIII ; both games were decided in the final seconds, first on a last-second throw by Roger Staubach, then as a fourth-quarter rally by Dallas fell short on an onside kick.

" Trumpet Secrets " is seen by Mr. Callet as a progression from his earlier books, " Trumpet Yoga " and " Super Chops "

2 ) # 21, Luthor can be seen associating with Libra's Secret Society of Super Villains and placed in its Inner Circle.

Television ratings for Super Bowl XLIV ( 44 ) were the highest for any TV program, sports or otherwise, in history, as their successful bid to win the Super Bowl was seen by many to represent the city's resurgence after the devastating Hurricane Katrina

This strategy is rare, and was last seen in the NFL in the " WoodStrock " combination of Don Strock and David Woodley, which took the Miami Dolphins to the Epic in Miami and Super Bowl XVII the following year.

She is first seen in the game conducting a ceremony near a chateau involving two Super Soldiers.

Although Super Bowl XXIX was viewed by 125. 2 million people and had a Nielsen rating of 41. 3, Super Bowl XXVI three years earlier was seen by 119. 7 million viewers and recorded a 40. 3 rating.

The Bridge of Eldin, as seen in Super Smash Bros. Brawl.

Spider-Man ’ s hand opens a special Spidey Super Stories comic book in which the show ’ s logo is seen on the first open page.

Mario in combat with Koopas and Paratroopas in Super Mario World, having knocked the wings off one of the latter. In 1990's Super Mario World for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, the Koopa Troopa's design was changed slightly, as it was given shoes according to the colour of its shell and made bipedal, and although quadrupedal Koopas would be seen in Super Mario Land ( albeit as " Bombshell Koopas "-which were similar to Koopa Troopas except their shells exploded ) and its sequel, they would not be seen again until 2007's Super Mario Galaxy and its sequel, with bipedal Koopas remaining the most common design throughout the series.

The version of Yoshi seen in the Super Mario Bros. film was made using a animatronic dinosaur.

Yoshi appeared in Super Mario 64 as a non-playable character who could be seen upon completion of the game.

Typically, she does not show an aggressive nature even when she is fighting ( this is done by quick slaps, elegant high kicks, thrusts in the air, and other graceful fighting techniques, as seen in the Super Smash Bros series ) or confronting her enemies.

Peach as seen in Super Mario Bros. 2.