These are the Syriac-Aramaic quotation by the Nestorian Christian Theodore bar Konai, in his Syriac " Book of Scholia " (" Ketba de-Skolion ", eighth century ), and the Middle Persian sections of Mani's Shabuhragan discovered at Turpan ( a summary of Mani's teachings prepared for Shapur I ).

Syriac-Aramaic ( Assyrian ), Vietnamese and Italian are the next most common languages.

In other types of alphabet either the vowels are not indicated at all, as was the case in the Phoenician alphabet ( such systems are known as abjads ), or else the vowels are shown by diacritics or modification of consonants, as in the devanagari used in India and Nepal ( these systems are known as abugidas or alphasyllabaries ).

Note that the scripts mentioned above are not considered proper alphabets, as they all lack characters representing vowels.

The vowels are significant in the Greek language, and the syllabical Linear B script which was used by the Mycenaean Greeks from the 16th century BC had 87 symbols including 5 vowels.

These three differ from each other in the way they treat vowels: abjads have letters for consonants and leave most vowels unexpressed ; abugidas are also consonant-based, but indicate vowels with diacritics to or a systematic graphic modification of the consonants.

In alphabets in the narrow sense, on the other hand, consonants and vowels are written as independent letters.

( These are the only time vowels are indicated.

However, in Kurdish, writing the vowels is mandatory, and full letters are used, so the script is a true alphabet.

Such scripts are to tone what abjads are to vowels.

Most commonly, tones are indicated with diacritics, the way vowels are treated in abugidas.

In the Pollard script, an abugida, vowels are indicated by diacritics, but the placement of the diacritic relative to the consonant is modified to indicate the tone.

In Spanish, ñ is considered a separate letter, but accented vowels such as á and é are not.

French, with its silent letters and its heavy use of nasal vowels and elision, may seem to lack much correspondence between spelling and pronunciation, but its rules on pronunciation, though complex, are actually consistent and predictable with a fair degree of accuracy.

From greatest to least stricture, speech sounds may be classified along a cline as stop consonants ( with occlusion, or blocked airflow ), fricative consonants ( with partially blocked and therefore strongly turbulent airflow ), approximants ( with only slight turbulence ), and vowels ( with full unimpeded airflow ).

The vowels are classified into short () and long () ( with five of each type ) and two diphthongs, / ai / and / au /, and three " shortened " () vowels.

The American linguist Kenneth Pike ( 1943 ) suggested the terms ' vocoid ' for a phonetic vowel and " vowel " for a phonological vowel, so using this terminology, and are classified as vocoids but not vowels.

It has been classified as an abjad because it records only consonantal sounds, with the addition of matres lectionis for some vowels.

Shorthand systems can also be classified according to the way that vowels are represented.

Similarly, stressed and unstressed high-front-peripheral vowels ( FLEECE, HAPPY ) are classified together as ( unlike in older RP ( cultivated Southern British ), where HAPPY ends with the vowel in KIT ).

However, it has not incorporated the general Eastern umlaut of all synchronic or even historic " ya " sounds into " e " before front vowels – e. g. поляна ( polyana ) vs полени ( poleni ) " meadow – meadows " or even жаба ( zhaba ) vs жеби ( zhebi ) " frog – frogs ", even though it co-occurs with the yat alternation in almost all Eastern dialects that have it ( except a few dialects along the yat border, e. g. in the Pleven region ).

Lip-rounding is also built into the system, so that front vowels ( such as e, a ) have spread or neutral lip postures, but the back vowels ( such as ) have more marked lip-rounding as vowel height increases.

* Diaeresis ( linguistics ) or Hiatus, two adjacent vowels, in adjacent syllables, not separated by a consonant or pause and not merged into a diphthong

It is verbal behavior that consists of using a certain number of consonants and vowels [...] in a limited number of syllables that in turn are organized into larger units that are taken apart and rearranged pseudogrammatically [...] with variations in pitch, volume, speed and intensity.

Also, under influence from orthography of European languages, transliterating of borrowed words into Arabic is usually done using vowels in place of diacritics, even when the latter is more suitable, and even when transliterating words from another Semitic language, such as Hebrew, a phenomenon augmented by the neglect of diacritics in most printed forms since the beginning of mechanical printing.

Old Turkic being a synharmonic language, a number of consonant signs are divided into two " synharmonic sets ", one for front vowels and the other for back vowels.

These occurred as allophones of the vowels before nasal consonants and in places where a nasal had followed it in an older form of the word, before it was absorbed into a neighboring sound.

Here the vowels are the same, but the consonants, although both palatalized, do not fall into the same class in the bardic rhyming scheme.

Native grammarians classify Tamil phonemes into vowels, consonants, and a " secondary character ", the āytam.

The filters were controlled by a set of keys and a foot pedal to convert the hisses and tones into vowels, consonants, and inflections.

The sounds ( spelled with ‹ V ›) and ( spelled ‹ B ›) of Classical Latin developed into a bilabial fricative between vowels in Early Medieval Latin.

Developers can also now set switches in to code to cause the algorithm to encode Metaphone keys 1 ) taking non-initial vowels into account, as well as 2 ) encoding voiced and unvoiced consonants differently.

# The merging of " majhul " vowels " ē " / " ī " and " ō " / " ū " into " ī " and " ū " respectively in Iranian Persian, whereas in Afghan Persian, they are still kept separate.

The system works by converting numbers into consonant sounds, then into words by adding vowels.

This phenomenon preserves the recoverability of the phoneme in " writer " despite the North American English process of flapping, which merges and into before unstressed vowels.

However, according to the Royal Academy of the Basque Language, the origin may be another: The name is first found on Muslim chronicles of the 8th century referring to the Alavese Plains ( Spanish Llanada Alavesa, Basque Arabako Lautada ), laua in old Basque ( currently lautada ) with the Arab article added ( al + laua ), developing into Spanish Álava and Basque Araba ( a typical development of l to r between vowels ).

* Development of proto-Slavic ě, e, ę into a, o, ǫ before hard consonants ( or other similar differentiations of these vowels depending on dialect ).

The split of into before * i and before all other reconstructed vowels, which is found in Mongolia but not in Inner Mongolia, is often cited as a fundamental distinction, for example Proto-Mongolic, Khalkha, Chakhar ' year ' versus Proto-Mongolic, Khalkha, Chakhar ' few '.

* Like in other languages of Sardinia,,, and may merge into mid vowels and, respectively.

This is because words in Semitic languages are formed from a root consisting of ( usually ) three consonants, the vowels being used to indicate inflectional or derived forms.

There are three principal families of abugidas, depending on whether vowels are indicated by modifying consonants by diacritics, distortion, or orientation.

The Old Testament is called by the Jews the Tanakh, an acronym formed by combining the initials of the three sections by which the Jews divide the text: the Torah, or Law ( the Pentateuch ), the Nevi ' im, or Prophets, and the Ketuvim, or Writings or Hagiographa ( with vowels added, as Hebrew is written with a consonantal script, TaNaKh ).

The first three are distinct because they form the basis for vowels and are not consonants, and except for æṛa are never used on their own.

Allan Bomhard ( 2008 ), who relies more heavily on Afroasiatic and Dravidian than on Uralic, as do members of the " Moscow School ", reconstructs a different vowel system, with three pairs of vowels represented as:, as well as independent / i /, / o /, and / u /.

In the first three pairs of vowels, Bomhard is attempting to specify the subphonemic variation involved, inasmuch as that variation led to some of the vowel gradation ( ablaut ) and vowel harmony patterning found in various daughter languages.

In addition to two or three alliterations, the odd numbered lines had partial rhyme of consonants with dissimilar vowels, not necessarily at the beginning of the word ; the even lines contained internal rhyme in set syllables ( not necessarily at the end of the word ).

Most commonly epenthesis is in the nature of a " transitional " consonant, but vowels may be epenthetic: non-standard English film in two syllables, athlete in three.

For instance, the Burmese language has phonetic tone, but each of its three tones is accompanied by a distinctive phonation ( creaky, murmured or plain vowels ).

The Balochi vowel system has at least eight vowels: five long vowels and three short vowels.

The entire family is characterised by a paucity of phonemic vowels ( two or three, depending upon the analysis ) coupled with rich consonantal systems that include many forms of secondary articulation.

Adyghe has three phonemic vowels, and its consonants and consonant clusters are less complex than the Abkhaz – Abaza dialects.

Additionally, it is one of only three stations on the Underground whose name alternates vowels and consonants.

Informally, many Mechlinians ( in Dutch Mechelaars and locally pronounced Mecheleirs, people from this city ) daily speak Mechlinian ( in Dutch as well as locally Mechels ), a dialect by Dutch-speakers of Belgium pin-pointingly distincted from other Brabantic dialects by three different vowels of Dutch ( as in zout or rauw, in kei or bijl, in nu ) being typically pronounced as a same vowel – close to the one in English ' raw ' which does not appear in other dialects of the Flemish Region or in standard Dutch.

In written language, mentioned words or phrases often appear between quotation marks (" Chicago " contains three vowels ) or in italics ( When I say honey, I mean the sweet stuff that bees make ), and style authorities such as Strunk and White insist that mentioned words or phrases must always be made visually distinct in this manner.

The division of the letters into the three classes of vowels, mutes, and sonants also appears in Hellenic texts.

For example, the short vowel " a " ( pronounced like a schwa ) is assigned a value of one mātrā, the long vowel " ā " is assigned a value of two mātrās, and the complex vowel " ai " ( which is composed of three simple short vowels, namely " a "+" a "+" i ", or one long and one short vowel, namely " ā "+" i ") is assigned a value of three mātrās.