The effect of Henry ’ s excommunication, and his subsequent reluctance to repent left a turbulence in central Europe that lasted throughout the Middle Ages.

A sentence of excommunication was pronounced against Henry V, who had extorted through violence from the pope the concessions documented in the Privilegium.

The excommunication of Bardinus was reiterated in Canon 6 of the document produced by Lateran I. Gelasius II promptly excommunicated the antipope Gregory VIII and Henry V. Gelasius was forced to flee under duress from the army of Henry V, and took refuge in the monastery of Cluny, where he died in January of 1119.

Henry managed to defeat him but was subsequently confronted with more uprisings, renewed excommunication and even the rebellion of his sons.

* 1077 – Walk to Canossa: The excommunication of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor is lifted.

In 1080 Henry was excommunicated again, and the next year he crossed the Alps, aiming either to get the pope to end the excommunication and crown him emperor, or to depose the pope in favor of someone more co-operative.

On his return to France, he immediately convened an assembly of French and Burgundian bishops at Vienne, where the imperial claim to a traditional lay investiture of the clergy was denounced as heretical and a sentence of excommunication was now pronounced against Henry V on the grounds that he had extorted the Privilegium from Paschal II by means of violence.

More important, the pope forbade ecclesiastical officials under pain of excommunication to support Henry as they had so freely done in the past.

He even issued a threat of excommunication if Henry did not stay away from Catherine.

As in Normandy, his bishops and abbots were bound to him by feudal obligations ; and his right of investiture in the Norman tradition prevailed within his kingdom, during the age of the Investiture Controversy that brought excommunication upon the Salian Emperor Henry IV.

On the following day, Pope Gregory pronounced a sentence of excommunication against Henry IV with all due solemnity, divested him of his royal dignity and absolved his subjects from the oaths they had sworn to him.

Contemporary evidence suggests that the excommunication of Henry made a profound impression both in Germany and Italy.

Henry, they declared, must make reparation to Gregory and pledge himself to obedience ; and they decided that, if, on the anniversary of his excommunication, he still lay under the ban, the throne should be considered vacant.

A new conflict was inevitable from the very fact that Henry considered the sentence of deposition repealed along with that of excommunication.

Under pressure from the Saxons, and misinformed as to the significance of this battle, Gregory abandoned his waiting policy and again pronounced the excommunication and deposition of King Henry on 7 March 1080.

Three days before his death, he withdrew all the censures of excommunication that he had pronounced, except those against the two chief offenders – Henry and Guibert.

Shortly afterwards, the Pope decreed sentences of excommunication against Henry and Cranmer.

A week after his consecration he again appeared before the king with the barons and bishops, this time threatening Henry with excommunication if he refused to dismiss his councillors, particularly Peter des Roches, Bishop of Winchester.

Upon hearing of the conspiracy, Poppo, the Bishop of Würzburg, demanded Henry II and his followers submit to Otto II or faced excommunication.

* January 26 – Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor visits Pope Gregory VII as a penitent, asking him remove sentence of excommunication.

* January 28 – Walk to Canossa: The excommunication of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor is lifted.

Towards the end of his pontificate trouble began anew in England ; Paschal II complained in 1115 that councils were held and bishops translated without his authorization, and he threatened Henry I with excommunication.

These sources were unreliable, however, and there was a push to develop a source in England especially as imports from the Papal States were ceased following the excommunication of Henry VIII.

This petition was complied with by Pope Pius IV, January 26, 1564, in the papal bull, Benedictus Deus, which enjoins strict obedience upon all Catholics and forbids, under pain of excommunication, all unauthorized interpretation, reserving this to the Pope alone and threatens the disobedient with " the indignation of Almighty God and of his blessed apostles, Peter and Paul.

Alexander IV threatened excommunication and interdict against the party of Manfred without effect.

However, upon being elected Pope at the papal conclave of 1303, he released King Philip IV of France from the excommunication that had been laid upon him by Boniface VIII, and practically ignored Boniface's bull Unam sanctam, which asserted papal supremacy over secular rulers.

On 3 July 1201, the papal legate, Cardinal-Bishop Guido of Palestrina announced to the people, in the cathedral of Cologne, that Otto IV had been approved by the pope as Roman king and threatened with excommunication all those who refused to acknowledge him.

The rebellion forces Charles to abandon the Ninth Crusade while still en route to the target city of Constantinople, and allows King Peter III of Aragon to take over rule of the island from Charles ( which in turn leads to Peter's excommunication by Pope Martin IV ).

The rebellion forces Charles to abandon the Ninth Crusade while still en route to the target city of Constantinople, and allows King Peter III of Aragon to take over rule of the island from Charles ( which in turn leads to Peter's excommunication by Pope Martin IV ).

This action caused the excommunication of Michael VIII Palaiologos by the Patriarch Arsenius Autoreianus, and a later revolt led by a Pseudo-John IV near Nicaea.

However, Pope Urban IV and later Pope Clement IV were not prepared to recognize Manfred as lawful ruler of Sicily and sought to depose him by force of arms, since excommunication proved to be insufficient.

For a new Pope, the choice fell to Pantaléon, who took the name Pope Urban IV, and after hearing Bohemond's explanation for his submission to the Mongols, suspended his excommunication sentence.

Chief among these are: De prohibendâ sacerdotum incontinentiâ ( against married clergy ); De damnatione schismaticorum and Apologeticus super excommunicationem Gregorii VII ( justifying excommunication of schismatics and of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor ) and his partisans ).

After the excommunication of Henry IV by Pope Gregory VII in 1076, Otto attempted to mediate between Henry and the Saxons at Trebur, but when these efforts failed he again placed himself at their head.

Theodosius was threatened with excommunication by Ambrose for the massacre of 7, 000 persons at Thessalonica in 390, after the murder of the Roman governor there by rioters.

Before his death, he was absolved from the excommunication ; moreover, the Pope also promised that the King of Hungary and his relatives would not be excommunicated without the special permission of the Pope.

In the course of a plot between Philip of Swabia, Boniface of Montferrat and the Doge of Venice, the Fourth Crusade was, despite papal excommunication, diverted in 1203 against Constantinople, ostensibly promoting the claims of Alexius son of the deposed emperor Isaac.

Emperor Frederick II regained the city and the church by treaty in the 13th century, while he himself was under a ban of excommunication, leading to the curious result of the holiest church in Christianity being laid under interdict.

Later, Ruhi was presented with a copy of Sohrab's book about his excommunication:

The Declaration was part of a broader diplomatic campaign which sought to assert Scotland's position as an independent kingdom, rather than being a feudal land controlled by England's Norman kings, as well as lift the excommunication of Robert the Bruce.

It was only in October 1328, after a short-lived peace treaty between Scotland and England, the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton ( which renounced all English claims to Scotland and was signed by the new English king, Edward III, on 1 March 1328 ), that the interdict on Scotland and the excommunication of its king were finally removed.

Victor's attempted excommunication was apparently rescinded and the two sides reconciled upon the intervention of bishop Irenaeus and others, who reminded Victor of the tolerant precedent of Anicetus.

A similar declaration was issued with regard to Archbishop Emmanuel Milingo's conferring of episcopal ordination on four men-all of whom, by virtue of previous Independent Catholic consecrations, claimed already to be bishops-on 24 September 2006: the Holy See, as well as stating that, in accordance with Canon 1382 of the Code of Canon Law, all five men involved incurred automatic (" latae sententiae ") excommunication through their actions, declared that " the Church does not recognise and does not intend in the future to recognise these ordinations or any ordinations derived from them, and she holds that the canonical state of the four alleged bishops is the same as it was prior to the ordination.

The king found himself with almost no political support and was forced to make the famous Walk to Canossa in 1077, by which he achieved a lifting of the excommunication at the price of humiliation.

The council decided to re-examine the Ordonnances and on 18 September it voted in support of Calvin — excommunication was within the jurisdiction of the Consistory.

The latter then took up the usage according to which one who remained for 44 days under excommunication came under the penalties executed by the State, and wrote his De incarcerandis fedelibus, in which he demanded that it should be legal for the excommunicated to appeal to the king and his council against the excommunication ; in this writing he laid open the entire case and in such a way that it was understood by the laity.

In March, Frederick crowned himself in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, but because of his excommunication and the interdict Jerusalem was never truly reincorporated into the kingdom, which continued to be ruled from Acre.

In light of his overt involvement in Italian politics – anyone who voted for a Communist candidate in the 1948 elections was threatened with automatic excommunication – Pius XII became known as a staunch opponent of the Italian Communist Party.

In March 1425 a bull was issued that threatened excommunication for any Christian slave dealers and ordered Jews to wear a " badge of infamy " to deter, in part, the buying of Christians.

The first was the enacting of a decree forbidding anyone during the lifetime of a pope to discuss the appointment of his successor under pain of excommunication.