As of the 13th century, the following states, among others, had formed in the territory of the former Duchy:

These are the Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers ( formed in 1539 ), the Jersey Field Squadron ( The Royal Militia Island of Jersey ) ( formed in 1337 ), and the Royal Alderney Militia ( created in the 13th century and reformed in 1984 ).

Simplistically speaking, the only ' national hands ' to continue were the Visigothic ( or Mozarabic ), which survived into the 12th or 13th century ; the Beneventan, which was still being used in the middle of the 16th century ; and Insular script, which was used to write texts in the Irish at least through the 20th century and formed the basis for Gaelic type, just as caroline minuscule formed the basis for Roman type.

Two other major political entities were formed and grew during the 13th and 14th century: the Mali Empire and the Jolof Empire which become the vassal of the first in its heyday.

This process reached its apex in the 12th and 13th centuries, when different Lombard Leagues formed by allied cities of Lombardy, usually led by Milan, managed to defeat the Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederick I, at Legnano, and his grandson Frederick II, at Parma.

In the 13th century, fresh invading Mongol hordes pushed the eastern Alans further south into the Caucasus, where they mixed with native Caucasian groups and successively formed three territorial entities each with different developments.

The Allies eventually formed two British and five American airborne divisions: the British 1st Airborne Division and 6th Airborne Division, and the US 11th Airborne Division, 13th Airborne Division, 17th Airborne Division, 82nd Airborne Division, and 101st Airborne Division.

The Austin, Texas band The 13th Floor Elevators formed as an electric jug band, featuring Tommy Hall as electric jug player.

The newly formed Central China Area Army was composed of the Shanghai Expeditionary Army ( the nucleus of which was the 16th, 9th, 13th, 3rd, 11th, and 101st Divisions ) and the Tenth Army ( 6th, 18th, and 114th Divisions ).

In the 13th century BC, the Kingdom of Colchis was formed as a result of the increasing consolidation of the tribes inhabiting the region.

This allowed players to directly impact the franchise's story: for instance, the 13th Black Crusade formed the backdrop to 2003's " Eye of Terror campaign.

During the 13th century ( and especially after a large storm in 1282 ) the Zuiderzee formed, and the water round Urk suddenly became tidal sea.

Bennebroek was probably formed in the 13th century and its development was closely linked to the peat harvesting industry.

In the 13th century a village centre was formed, which still exists as the historic Dorpsstraat.

A number of royal castles, from the 12th century onwards, formed an essential network of royal storehouses in the 13th century for a wide range of goods including food, drink, weapons, armour and raw materials.

The Golden Horde ( Mongolian: Züchi-iin Ulus, Turkish: Altınordu Devleti ) was a Mongol and later Turkic khanate that was established in the 13th century and formed the north-western sector of the Mongol Empire.

The 13th Floor Elevators were an American rock band from Austin, Texas formed by guitarist and vocalist Roky Erickson, electric jug player Tommy Hall, and guitarist Stacy Sutherland, which existed from 1965 to 1969.

The old town center was formed around the Løten Church, which is from the 13th century.

The Tai Phuan or Phuan people are a Buddhist Tai-Lao ethnic group that migrated to Laos from southern China, and had by the 13th century formed the independent principality of Muang Phuan at the Plain of Jars, with Xieng Khouang ( contemporary Muang Khoun ) as the capital.

The 13th Light Dragoons, the 17th Lancers, and the 11th Hussars, formed the first line ( the latter regiment was soon moved behind the Lancers to reduce the width of the front ).

On the ground floor of the square building are the 13th century arches that originally formed the loggia of the grain market.

The, in its historical meaning, is commonly thought of as a combination of canon law and Roman law which formed the basis of a common system of legal thought in Western Europe from the rediscovery and reception of Justinian's Digest in the 12th and 13th centuries.

A Dragoon regiment, the Light Dragoons, was formed by the amalgamation of two Hussar regiments, the 13th / 18th Royal Hussars and the 15th / 19th The King's Royal Hussars, in 1992.

In the Eastern Military District, there were two tank divisions, the 13th and 14th, with a supervisory headquarters at Trenčín in the Slovak part of the country.

Operating in the south at Toulouse, Albi, Carcassonne and other towns during the whole of the 13th century, and a great part of the 14th, it finally succeeded in extirpating the movement.

From the 13th to the early 19th century Finland was a part of the Kingdom of Sweden.

The peninsula, a part of the Byzantine Empire, was gradually conquered by the Ottoman Empire from 13th century to the 15th century.

After the weakening of the Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarian Empire in the middle and late 13th century, most of the Albanian territory became part of the Serbian state.

The Mongol Empire conquered a large part of Asia in the 13th century, an area extending from China to Europe.

Most of the region was a part of the Kingdom of Sweden from the 13th century to 1809, when the vast majority of the Finnish-speaking areas of Sweden were ceded to the Russian Empire ( excluding the Finnish-speaking areas of the modern-day Northern Sweden ), making this area the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland.

Though the word indigo has existed in English since the 13th century, it may never have been a common part of the basic color-naming system.

They experienced Norse incursions during the early Middle Ages and then became part of the Kingdom of Scotland in the 13th century.

Within the electoral divisions of Chile, the commune is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Joaquín Godoy ( RN ) and Aldo Cornejo ( PDC ) as part of the 13th electoral district, ( together with Valparaíso and Isla de Pascua ).

A pipe roll, part of the increasingly sophisticated system of royal governance at the turn of the 13th century

In part he was following in the tradition of Henry I and Henry II, but by the 13th century the volume of administrative work had greatly increased, which put much more pressure on a king who wished to rule in this style.

Oxfordians, such as Dorothy and Charlton Ogburn, believe Shakespeare created such a role for the 13th Earl because it was the easiest way Edward de Vere could have " advertised his loyalty to the Tudor Queen " and remind her of " the historic part borne by the Earls of Oxford in defeating the usurpers and restoring the Lancastrians to power ".

The term was first used in print in the Austin American Statesman in an article about the band titled " Unique Elevators shine with psychedelic rock ", dated 10 February 1966, and theirs was the first album to use the term as part of its title, in The Psychedelic Sounds of the 13th Floor Elevators, released in August that year.

The ancient part of the town is in a spectacular position on the top of a hill, where it preserves a particular medieval historical center, with ruins of a castle ( Castello della Fava ) and a square panoramic tower of the 13th century.

The Mongols conquered a large part of this area early in the 13th century.

Free Countian is the name of both the dialect of Langue d ' Oïl spoken by people in the northern part of the region and the dialect of Arpitan spoken in its southern part since as early as the 13th century ( the southern two-thirds of Jura and the southern third of Doubs ).

Between the 9th and 13th centuries, Bessarabia is mentioned in Slav chronicles as part of Bolohoveni ( north ) and Brodnici ( south ) voivodeships, believed to be Vlach principalities of the early Middle Ages.

Although the bells were destroyed again in 1941 in the Blitz, they had fallen silent on 13th June 1940 as part of the British anti-invasion preparations of World War II.

When Franconia fragmented in the early 13th century, Nassau emerged as an independent state as part of the Holy Roman Empire.

* The Pisan City Walls that in the 13th century surrounded the city with 36 towers ( which at the moment only 6 remains ), and the Catalan-Aragonese Castle named Castello di Sassari, demolished in 1877, whose ruins, including some rooms, the basement, and part of a tower were rediscovered in 2008.

The upper part of the main façade, with arcades of pointed arches, dates from the 13th century, while the lower part of the protiro or projecting porch and the main portal are by Nicholaus.

Kosmas ' work was updated and extended by several authors in the latter part of the 12th and during the 13th centuries.