The type is represented by neo-Attic Imperial Roman copies of the late 1st or early 2nd century, modelled upon a supposed Greek bronze original made in the second quarter of the 5th century BCE, in a style similar to works of Polykleitos but more archaic.

The earliest archaeological evidence for the use of the Greek abacus dates to the 5th century BC.

Around the 5th century, Indian clerks were already finding new ways of recording the contents of the Abacus.

Japanese is first attested in a few short inscriptions from the 5th century AD, such as the Inariyama Sword.

In this way, the South Arabian alphabet evolved into the Ge ' ez alphabet between the 5th century BC and the 5th century AD.

In the West, the references to atoms emerged in the 5th century BCE with Leucippus, whose student, Democritus, systematized his views.

Among the scripts in modern use, the Hebrew alphabet bears the closest relation to the Imperial Aramaic script of the 5th century BCE, with an identical letter inventory and, for the most part, nearly identical letter shapes.

Redrawn from A Grammar of Biblical Aramaic, Franz Rosenthal ; forms are as used in Egypt, 5th century BCE.

This innovation was not introduced without a struggle, ecclesiastical dignity being regarded as inconsistent with the higher spiritual life, but, before the close of the 5th century, at least in the East, abbots seem almost universally to have become deacons, if not priests.

Mahayana Buddhism was far more successful in China than its rival Hinayana, and both Indian schools and local Chinese sects arose from the 5th century.

** Laozi ( 5th – 4th century BC )

: Leucippus ( first half of 5th century BC )

: Hippias ( middle of the 5th century BC )

By the late 5th century BC, philosophers might separate Aphrodite into two separate goddesses, not individuated in cult: Aphrodite Ourania, born from the sea foam after Cronus castrated Uranus, and Aphrodite Pandemos, the common Aphrodite " of all the folk ," born from Zeus and Dione.

In contrast, in the Arian German kingdoms established on the wreckage of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, there were entirely separate Arian and Nicene Churches with parallel hierarchies, each serving different sets of believers.

The High German consonant shift is thought to have originated around the 5th century either in Alemannia or among the Lombards ; before that the dialect spoken by Alemannic tribes was little different from that of other West Germanic peoples.

Some scholars have speculated that members of the Alemannic elite such as king Gibuld due to Visigothic influence may have been converted to Arianism even in the later 5th century.

The Italian scholar Maggiani recently showed that on an Etruscan tomb dedicated to Racvi Satlnei in Bologna ( 5th century BC ) there is a writing that says: " aivastelmunsl

Herm of Hermes, Roman copy of a late 5th century BC original, the forefront inscription states the herm was made by Alcamenes and placed infront of the gates of Pergamon, Istanbul Archaeology Museums | Istanbul Museums.

Alcamenes () was an ancient Greek sculptor of Lemnos and Athens, who flourished in the 2nd half of the 5th century BC.

5th century BC sarcophagus found in Amathus integrates Greek, Cypriot, and Oriental features

From the neolithic age Asia Minor was the route of the forward-Asiatic cultural stream which moved from the Near East to the west and spread the agriculture to the east coasts of Greece and Crete during the 5th millennium BC and then to the Balkan region and the whole of Europe.

A centre for the arts, learning and philosophy, home of Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lyceum, it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization and the birthplace of democracy, largely due to the impact of its cultural and political achievements during the 5th and 4th centuries BC in later centuries on the rest of the then known European continent.

* Silanus of Ambracia, 5th BC seer

Throughout the 5th century BC, Athens sought to consolidate its control over Thrace, which was strategically important because of its primary materials ( the gold and silver of the Pangaion hills and the dense forests essential for naval construction ), and the sea routes vital for Athens ' supply of grain from Scythia.

In the 5th century BC we often hear of the assembly sitting as a court of judgment itself for trials of political importance and it is not a coincidence that 6000 is the number both for the full quorum for the assembly and for the annual pool from which jurors were picked for particular trials.

In the 5th century BC, there were 10 fixed assembly meetings per year, one in each of the ten state months, with other meetings called as needed.

In the 5th century BC, principally as seen through the figure of Pericles, the generals could be among the most powerful people in the polis.

In one case from the 5th century BC, the ten treasurers of the Delian league ( the Hellenotamiai ) were accused at their scrutinies of misappropriation of funds.

During the 5th century BC, the Acropolis gained its final shape.

The account which Herodotus gives of the hostilities between the two states in the early years of the 5th century BC is to the following effect.

* Onatas ( 5th century BC ), sculptor

* Ptolichus ( 5th century BC ), sculptor

However, isolated examples of copper-zinc alloys are known in China from as early as the 5th Millennium BC.

Go is also mentioned in the Analects of Confucius ( c. 5th century BC ).

At the beginning of the 5th century it seems to have been an entrepôt of the Pontic grain trade, which, at a later date, became an Athenian monopoly.

Historians have liberally used emperor and, especially so, empire anachronistically and out of its Roman and European context to describe any large state and its ruler in the past and present ; sometimes even to refer to non-monarchically ruled states and their spheres of influence: such examples include the " Athenian Empire " of the late 5th century BC, the " Angevin Empire " of the Plantagenets, or the Soviet and American " empires " of the Cold War era.

There was a relief sculpture of Prometheus with Pandora on the base of Athena's cult statue in the Athenian Parthenon of the 5th century BC.

In the Athenian satyr plays of the 5th century BC, the chorus commented on the action.

Moreover, Themistocles's doctrine of Athenian naval power, and the establishment of Athens as a major power in the Greek world were of enormous consequence during the 5th century BC.

By the end of the 5th century BC it stood out as a state which had defeated the Athenian Empire and had invaded the Persian provinces in Anatolia, a period which marks the Spartan Hegemony.

These early plays were written for annual Athenian competitions among playwrights held around the 5th century BC.

On this campaign, Thrasybulus relaid much of the framework for an Athenian empire on 5th century BC model ; he captured Byzantium, imposed a duty on ships passing through the Hellespont, and collected tribute from many of the islands of the Aegean.

Alarmed by the sudden reappearance of something resembling the Athenian empire that had driven them from the Aegean in the 5th century BC, the Persians began supporting Sparta, and a Persian fleet was soon in the Hellespont, threatening Athens ' grain supply.

Around the 5th century BCE, a fully Hellenised and influential image of Cybele, by Agoracritos, was set up in the Athenian agora.

* Apollodorus ( painter ), an Athenian painter, who lived at the end of the 5th century BC and introduced great improvements in perspective and chiaroscuro

The 4th or 5th century poet Nonnus describes the Athenian celebrations given to the first Dionysus Zagreus son of Persephone, the second Dionysus Bromios son of Semele, and the third Dionysus Iacchus:

In the 5th century BC, Sicyon, like Corinth, suffered from the commercial rivalry of Athens in the western seas, and was repeatedly harassed by squadrons of Athenian ships.

The Persians occupied Samothrace in 508 BC, it later passed under Athenian control, and was a member of the Delian League in the 5th century BC.

In Greek mythology, Isocrates, in his witty declamation Busiris recounts " the false tale of Heracles and Busiris " ( 11. 30 – 11. 40 ), which was a comic subject represented almost entirely in the repertory of early 5th century BC Athenian vase-painters: the theme has a narrow narrative range, according to Niall Livingstone: Heracles being led to sacrifice ; his escape ; the killing of Busiris ; the rout of his entourage.

Priene was a member of the Athenian dominated Delian League in the 5th century BC and in 387 BC came under Persian dominance again until Alexander the Great's conquest.

The earliest known direct democracy is said to be the Athenian Democracy in the 5th century BC, although it was not an inclusive democracy ; women, foreigners and slaves were excluded from it.

From the polemical contemporary works which describe his career have emerged the outlines of a complex figure, charting a dangerous course through the chaos of the late 5th century Athenian political scene ; although historians from ancient times to the present have offered far more specific portraits, of one form or another, it may be that nothing more than that outline will ever be known with certainty.

As a writer, Arrian was obliged by the prevailing literary mores of his time to compose his works in " good Greek ," which meant imitating as closely as possible the grammar and literary style of the Athenian writers of the 5th century BC.

The bulk of this article pertains to Athens in the 5th and 4th centuries BC during the Athenian democracy, which encouraged foreigners to settle in Athens, on account of the part which they took in

During the period of the Delian League and the Second Athenian League ( 5th – 4th century BC ), many more cleruchies were created by Athens such as on Samos Island proved worthy in the Social War.

According to another view, the quest for authentically Theognidean elegies is rather beside the point — the collection owes its survival to the political motivations of Athenian intellectuals in the 5th and 4th century, disappointed with democracy and sympathetic to old aristocratic values: " The persona of the poet is traditionally based, ideologically conditioned and generically expressed.

The invention of these effects in the West, " skiagraphia " or " shadow-painting " to the Ancient Greeks, was traditionally ascribed to the famous Athenian painter of the 5th century BC, Apollodoros.

Xanthippe ( pronounced ;, 5th century – 4th century BCE ) was an ancient Athenian, the wife of Socrates and mother of their three sons: Lamprocles, Sophroniscus, and Menexenus.