While Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, an Islamist extremist enjoying the backing of neighboring Pakistan, pushed for continued violent struggle against the Afghan government, Massoud and Rabbani advocated for a peaceful political campaign lobbying officials working for the government and armed forces.

The fourth phase was the " general application " of Massoud's principles to the whole country, and the final demise of the Afghan communist government.

Abdur Rahman Khan was considered a strong ruler who re-established the writ of the Afghan government after the disarray that followed the second Anglo-Afghan war.

In the late 1880s many of the Hazara tribes revolted against Abdur Rahman, the first ruler to bring the country of Afghanistan under a centralized Afghan government.

Karmal would remain in exile until December 1979, when the Soviet Union intervened in Afghanistan ( with the consent of the Afghan government ) to stabilise the situation in the country, they killed Amin, the leader of the PDPA and the Afghan government.

It will take at least three years to launch the satellite, with the total cost ranging between 200 to 300 million, major international countries have shown interest in sharing the costs with the Afghan government.

Jimmy Carter had officially ended the policy of Détente, by financially aiding the Mujahideen movement in neighboring Afghanistan, which served as a pretext for the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan six months later, with the aims of supporting the Afghan government, controlled by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan.

* 2001 – Burhanuddin Rabbani, political leader of the Afghan Northern Alliance, hands over power in Afghanistan to the interim government headed by President Hamid Karzai.

Mahmud Tarzi, a highly educated, well-traveled poet and journalist, founded an Afghan nationalist newspaper with Habibullah's agreement, and until 1919 he used the newspaper as a platform for rebutting clerical criticism of Western-influenced changes in government and society, for espousing full Afghan independence, and for other reforms.

In the early modern period under the rule of the Amirs Abdur Rahman ( 1880-1901 ) and Habibullah ( 1901-1919 ), a great deal of Afghan commerce was centrally controlled by the Afghan government.

The Afghan monarchs were eager to develop the stature of government and the country's military capability, and so attempted to raise money by the imposition of state monopolies on the sale of commodoties and high taxes.

However, the Afghan government is planning to build storage facilities for pistachios since receiving bumper crops in 2010.

Plans are being made by the Afghan government to begin extracting these but with the Taliban insurgency and the corruption there is no telling what will happen.

Afghanistan has signed a copper deal with China ( Metallurgical Corp. of China Ltd .) in 2008, which is to a large scale project that involves the investment of $ 2. 8 billion dollars by China and an annual income of about $ 400 million dollars to the Afghan government.

The Afghan government is currently focused on securing continued assistance for rebuilding the economy, infrastructure, and military of the country.

Since 2002, the new Afghan government has engaged in cordial relations with both Iran and the United States, even as relations between Iran and the United States have grown strained due to American objections to Iran's nuclear program.

However, the Marxist-Leninist and secular nature of the government as well as its heavy dependence on the Soviet Union made it unpopular with a majority of the Afghan population.

Most of the government's new policies clashed directly with the traditional Afghan understanding of Islam, making religion one of the only forces capable of unifying the tribally and ethnically divided population against the unpopular new government, and ushering in the advent of Islamist participation in Afghan politics.

However, now that the archeological archives and research results of the former USSR are open to scientists, it has become quite clear that the primal sighthound type evolved between the Kyrgyzstan, the lower Kazakhstan part of Altai and the Afghan plains, and that the earliest actual sighthound breeds were the plains Afghan hounds and the Kyrgyz Taigan.

The economy of Afghanistan has improved significantly since 2002 due to the infusion of multi-billion dollars in international assistance and investments, as well as remittances from Afghan expats.

The Afghan economy has always been agricultural, despite the fact that only 12 % of its total land is arable and less than 6 % currently is cultivated.

The Afghan National Police is in control of security while the International Security Assistance Force ( ISAF ) also has a heavy presence in and around the city.

Kabul Airport also has a military terminal and a section of airport is used by the United States armed forces and the Afghan National Air Force.

The Afghan government has become increasingly intolerant of foreign channels and the un-Islamic culture they bring, and has threatened to ban some.

The Afghan Ministry of Education has plans to build more schools in the coming years so that education is provided to all citizens of the country.

The diamond has belonged to various Hindu, Rajput, Mughal, Iranian, Afghan, Sikh and British rulers who fought bitterly over it and seized it as a spoil of war time and time again.

With as high as 7 million by some estimates, the city of Karachi in Pakistan has the largest concentration of urban Pakhtun population in the world, including 50, 000 registered Afghan refugees in the city.

Also, FinTRACA has access to all related Afghan government information and databases.

The Afghan Air Force also has small number of female pilots.

As of June 2011, the Afghan National Army has returned the Canadian-made C7 in favor of the American-made M16 rifle, reason being that parts between the two rifles, despite being similar, are not fully interchangeable.

The United States has also been largely responsible for the growth of the Afghan Air Force, as part of the Combined Air Power Transition Force, from four aircraft at the end of 2001 to about 100 as of 2011.

The emblem of Afghanistan, located in the center of the Afghan flag, has two national flags within it.

" Turkey has already done what it can do by boosting its contingent of soldiers there to 1, 750 from around 700 without being asked ", said Erdoğan, who stressed that Turkey would continue its training of Afghan security forces.

Since that time, Uzbekistan has participated in the CIS peacekeeping force in Tajikistan and in United Nations-organized groups to help resolve the Tajik and Afghan conflicts, both of which it sees as posing threats to its own stability.

In addition, IOM has often organized elections for refugees out of their home country, as was the case in the 2004 Afghan elections and the 2005 Iraqi elections.

Farid Zarif, an Afghan diplomat, has been the SRSG since 11 October 2011.

* The band The Afghan Whigs has a cameo in the movie.

In addition to the Afghan deposits, lapis has been extracted for many years in the Andes ( near Ovalle, Chile ), the Lake Baikal region of Russia ; Siberia ; Angola ; Argentina ; Burma ; Pakistan ; Canada ; India ; and in the USA in California and Colorado.

Officials in Mazar-e Sharif reported that between 20 to 30 Afghan tribal elders have been assassinated in Balkh Province in the last several years.

An Afghan dissident who had previously worked in the office of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers reported that all topics up for discussion in the Council of Ministers had to be approved by the Soviets.

It was reported that he was thin, but tall and strongly built, and " a crack marksman who had destroyed many Soviet tanks during the Afghan War.

In December, 2005, the Chicago Tribune reported that the Rendon Group received $ 1. 4 million in 2004 to help Afghan President Hamid Karzai with media relations.

However, as the Italian's Afghan driver was unhurt in the attack and no robbery was reported, Taliban dissidents remained the chief suspects.

Questioned about the article by Anderson Cooper of CNN during a trip to Africa, United States President Barack Obama was reported to have " ordered national security officials to look into allegations that the Bush administration resisted efforts to investigate a CIA-backed Afghan warlord over the killings of hundreds of Taliban prisoners in 2001.

Sirkin confirmed the claims made in Afghan Massacre: The Convoy of Death that eyewitnesses who had come forward with information on the incident had been tortured and killed, and stated that a FOIA document showed that the " U. S. government and, apparently, intelligence agency – it's a three-letter word that ’ s redacted of an intelligence branch of the U. S. government in the FOIA – they knew and reported that eyewitnesses to this massacre had been killed and tortured.

* The Afghan Islamic Press reported that Osama bin Laden went into hiding.

The Afghan National Security Forces ( ANFS ) have built many checkpoints and took over control of the area but occasional attacks by militants are reported.

Hashimi is reported as saying: " When the Afghan head council asked them to provide the money to feed the children instead of fixing the statues, they refused and said, ' No, the money is just for the statues, not for the children '.

The Pajhwok Afghan News has reported that Zaeef has been freed from Guantanamo Bay.

On 23 May 2004, it was reported that most Afghan asylum seekers on Nauru recently granted refugee status were likely to be resettled in Australia.

When he brought to the attention of the War Office the poor mail arrangements reported in The Times during the second Afghan War ( 1878 – 80 ).

On April 12, 2006, Atwah was reported by an anonymous Pakistani Cabinet minister to have been killed along with 6 other militants, by Pakistani forces in a helicopter gunship raid on the village of Naghar Kalai near the Afghan border.

Less than two months after Lin reported the news of the Sept 11th attacks to the world, she was once again traveling the globe to bring world news to CNN viewers, this time from Pakistan, reporting on numerous topics, including Afghan refugees in that country.

She would at least be prosecuted for entering the country illegally, reported the Afghan Islamic Press agency, quoting the Taliban's deputy foreign minister, Mullah Abdur Rahman Zahid.

On April 12, 2006, Atwah was reported by an anonymous Pakistani Cabinet minister to have been killed along with 6 other militants, by Pakistani forces in a helicopter gunship raid on the village of Naghar Kalai near the Afghan border.

Hicks arrived in the southern Afghan city of Kandahar where he reported to Saif al Adel, who was assigning individuals to locations, and " armed himself with an AK-47 automatic rifle, ammunition, and grenades to fight against coalition forces.

It was reported in 2004 that Afghanistan had agreed to allow access from Pakistan to Chitral though Afghan territory and the Kunar Valley, by passing Lowari Pass.

Since the U. S. overthrow of the Taliban, torture has been reported on several occasions, both by Afghan groups and by U. S. troops.

Pajhwok Afghan News reported that the dead included Norwegian, Romanian and Swedish nationals.

Additional controversy was generated in the week of April 23 when The Globe and Mail reported that 30 Afghan men formerly under Canadian custody alleged they had been tortured by their Afghan captors.

The Minaret was little known outside of Afghanistan until Sir Thomas Holdich reported it in 1886 while working for the Afghan Boundary Commission.