While Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, an Islamist extremist enjoying the backing of neighboring Pakistan, pushed for continued violent struggle against the Afghan government, Massoud and Rabbani advocated for a peaceful political campaign lobbying officials working for the government and armed forces.

The fourth phase was the " general application " of Massoud's principles to the whole country, and the final demise of the Afghan communist government.

Abdur Rahman Khan was considered a strong ruler who re-established the writ of the Afghan government after the disarray that followed the second Anglo-Afghan war.

In the late 1880s many of the Hazara tribes revolted against Abdur Rahman, the first ruler to bring the country of Afghanistan under a centralized Afghan government.

Karmal would remain in exile until December 1979, when the Soviet Union intervened in Afghanistan ( with the consent of the Afghan government ) to stabilise the situation in the country, they killed Amin, the leader of the PDPA and the Afghan government.

The Afghan government has reported to the UPU several times about illegal stamps being issued and sold in 2003 and 2007.

It will take at least three years to launch the satellite, with the total cost ranging between 200 to 300 million, major international countries have shown interest in sharing the costs with the Afghan government.

Jimmy Carter had officially ended the policy of Détente, by financially aiding the Mujahideen movement in neighboring Afghanistan, which served as a pretext for the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan six months later, with the aims of supporting the Afghan government, controlled by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan.

* 2001 – Burhanuddin Rabbani, political leader of the Afghan Northern Alliance, hands over power in Afghanistan to the interim government headed by President Hamid Karzai.

Mahmud Tarzi, a highly educated, well-traveled poet and journalist, founded an Afghan nationalist newspaper with Habibullah's agreement, and until 1919 he used the newspaper as a platform for rebutting clerical criticism of Western-influenced changes in government and society, for espousing full Afghan independence, and for other reforms.

In the early modern period under the rule of the Amirs Abdur Rahman ( 1880-1901 ) and Habibullah ( 1901-1919 ), a great deal of Afghan commerce was centrally controlled by the Afghan government.

The Afghan monarchs were eager to develop the stature of government and the country's military capability, and so attempted to raise money by the imposition of state monopolies on the sale of commodoties and high taxes.

However, the Afghan government is planning to build storage facilities for pistachios since receiving bumper crops in 2010.

Plans are being made by the Afghan government to begin extracting these but with the Taliban insurgency and the corruption there is no telling what will happen.

Afghanistan has signed a copper deal with China ( Metallurgical Corp. of China Ltd .) in 2008, which is to a large scale project that involves the investment of $ 2. 8 billion dollars by China and an annual income of about $ 400 million dollars to the Afghan government.

Since 2002, the new Afghan government has engaged in cordial relations with both Iran and the United States, even as relations between Iran and the United States have grown strained due to American objections to Iran's nuclear program.

However, the Marxist-Leninist and secular nature of the government as well as its heavy dependence on the Soviet Union made it unpopular with a majority of the Afghan population.

Most of the government's new policies clashed directly with the traditional Afghan understanding of Islam, making religion one of the only forces capable of unifying the tribally and ethnically divided population against the unpopular new government, and ushering in the advent of Islamist participation in Afghan politics.

Ahmad Shah Durrani ( c. 1722 – 1773 ) ( Pashto /), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī ( Pashto / Persian: احمد شاه ابدالي ) and born as Ahmad < u > Kh </ u > ān, was the founder of the Durrani Empire ( Afghan Empire ) in 1747 and is regarded by many to be the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan .</ poem >

Afghan ( Pashto / Persian: افغان ; see etymology ) is used to indicate a citizen of Afghanistan.

Nowadays, " Afghan " is usually not used as an ethnic term, but as a national demonym for all citizens of Afghanistan, while " Pashtun "-the native ethnonym of this people-is largely used in a linguistic sense to refer to native speakers of Pashto.

While the term " Afghani " is typically used in reference to the unit of Afghan currency, some use the term to indicate a person or thing of, from, or related to Afghanistan, e. g., a citizen of Afghanistan.

Afghan Turkestan is a region in northern Afghanistan, on the border with the former Soviet republics of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.

In the BBC Three Sitcom Mongrels the character of Destiny is an Afghan Hound.

The first was Afghan Wireless, which is US based that was founded by Ehsan Bayat.

According to the Afghan Ministry of Communications and Information Technology ( MCIT ), the geographical existence of Afghanistan is very valuable to connect all communications to this satellite.

The Afghan economy has always been agricultural, despite the fact that only 12 % of its total land is arable and less than 6 % currently is cultivated.

It is claimed that some Indian companies buy Afghan pistachios for a very low price, process them in India and sell to western countries as Indian products.

This is done by providing Afghan villagers training and animals to start with.

Also incorporated in the design is a new complex for a new Afghan National Museum.

Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan Refugees is an organization, working in Afghanistan.

While Iran is helping to develop the Afghan Shia communities, the NATO officials have been accusing Iran of secretly arming and training the Taliban insurgents.

Iran is accused of playing a double game in Afghanistan, a helper to the Afghan Shias and a destabilizer for the larger Sunni Afghans.

His army faced very strong resistance in the Afghan tribal areas where he is said to have commented that Afghanistan is " easy to march into, hard to march out of.

The earliest record of the name " Afghan " (" Abgân ") being mentioned is by Shapur I of the Sassanid Empire during the 3rd century CE which is later recorded in the form of " Avagānā " by the Indian astronomer Varāha Mihira in his 6th century CE Brihat-samhita.

They were defeated by Nader Shah, head of the Afsharids, in the October 1729 Battle of Damghan and pushed from what is now Iran to the southern Afghan region.

He is currently serving as Afghan Minister of Transportation and Commerce.

Ahady is currently the elected leader of Afghan Social Democratic Party ( Afghan Mellat ).

Sediq Afghan () ( born 1958 in Kabul ) is an Afghan philosopher and mathematician, currently head of the International Center for Mathematical Philosophy in Kabul, Afghanistan.

Instead of increasing our troop presence, the U. S. should limit its mission in Afghanistan to securing strategic Afghan population centers with the troops currently on the ground.

The Prime Minister of Afghanistan is a currently defunct post in the Afghan Government.

When deploying on operations ( currently Operation Herrick ) RAF Policemen and women are employed on Counter IED teams, Afghan National Police liaison teams, in Infantry Close Support roles, force protection duties or duties involving Air Transport Security, as well as general policing duties.

Chichester went on to form Howlin ' Maggie, worked with the Afghan Whigs, was a founding member of the Twilight Singers and is currently pursuing a solo career.

At current estimates, there are between 3 to 4 million Afghan refugee currently living in the country and have lived in the country for more than half of its existence since its creation in 1947.

Two players from Afghan FC currently play for the Pakistan national football team, including the captain, Muhammad Essa.