The NADW flows southward through the Atlantic Ocean, approaching the Antarctic Bottom Water past the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

The cold, fresh water produced by melting underneath the Ross and Flichner-Ronne ice shelves is a component of Antarctic Bottom Water.

The resulting Antarctic Bottom Water ( AABW ) sinks and flows north into the Atlantic Basin, but is so dense it actually underflows the NADW.

This generates a large but slow flow of warmer and fresher upper ocean water from the tropical Pacific to the Indian Ocean through the Indonesian Archipelago to replace the cold and salty Antarctic Bottom Water.

Common water masses in the world ocean are: Antarctic Bottom Water ( AABW ), North Atlantic Deep Water ( NADW ), Circumpolar Deep Water ( CDW ), Antarctic Intermediate Water ( AAIW ), Subantarctic Mode Water ( SAMW ), Arctic Intermediate Water ( AIW ), the central waters of various oceanic basins, and various surface waters.

This warmer water results in melting of Antarctic ice, thereby reducing density stratification and the strength of the Antarctic Bottom Water current ( AABW ).

Still further south lies the Polar front, which is marked by a transition to very cold, relatively fresh, Antarctic Surface Water at the surface.

Further south still is the Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front ( SACCF ), which is determined as the southernmost extent of Circumpolar Deep Water ( temperature of about 2 ° C at 400m ).

Commonwealth and off-shore protected areas in the Australian Capital Territory, the Northern Territory, the Christmas Island Territory, the Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Territory, the Norfolk Island Territory and the Australian Antarctic Territory are managed by Parks Australia, a division of the Department of the Environment and Water Resources, with the exception of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, which is managed by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, a separate body within the department.

The Australian Antarctic Division ( AAD ) is an agency of the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities ( DSEWPaC ).

Stable isotope studies on Antarctic food webs by New Zealand scientists from the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research ( NIWA ) indicate Antarctic toothfish appear to occupy a similar trophic level in the Antarctic food web as orca and Weddell seals in McMurdo Sound, bluefin tuna in the Atlantic, and sperm whales from the Gulf of Mexico.

10 Sv of this is relatively warm, salty thermocline water, with the remaining 5 Sv being cold, low salinity Antarctic Intermediate Water.

In the Southern Hemisphere, the porbeagle apparently occupies a continuous band bound in the south by the Antarctic Convergence, and extending as far north as Chile and Brazil, the Western Cape province of South Africa, Australia to southern Western Australia and southern Queensland, and New Zealand.

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current ( ACC ) is an ocean current that flows clockwise from west to east around Antarctica.

The doubling of the Cape of Good Hope in 1487 by Bartolomeu Dias first brought explorers within touch of the Antarctic cold, and proved that there was an ocean separating Africa from any Antarctic land that might exist.

Antarctic Petrels, Thalassoica antarctica, have to fly over to get to the ocean from their breeding colonies in Antarctica, and Northern Fulmars breed on the northeastern tip of Greenland, the furthest north piece of land.

Some of these species still return to the ocean to feed ; for example, the Snow Petrel, the nests of which have been found inland on the Antarctic mainland, are unlikely to find anything to eat around their breeding sites.

Examples of national facilities include the NSF ’ s national observatories, with their giant optical and radio telescopes ; its Antarctic research sites ; its high-end computer facilities and ultra-high-speed network connections ; the ships and submersibles used for ocean research ; and its gravitational wave observatories.

* Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds, the HANZAB list for Australia, New Zealand, Antarctica and the surrounding ocean and subantarctic islands.

Remote sensing applications include monitoring deforestation in areas such as the Amazon Basin, glacial features in Arctic and Antarctic regions, and depth sounding of coastal and ocean depths.

This is because: there is no land bridge between Southern Hemisphere countries and the Antarctic zone capable of bringing in cold air without the temperature-mitigating effects of extensive tracts of water ; the vastly greater amount of ocean in the Southern Hemisphere at all latitudes ; at this time in Earth's geologic history the Earth has an orbit which brings it in closer to the Southern Hemisphere for its warmer seasons ; there is a circumpolar flow of air ( the roaring 40s and 50s ) uninterrupted by large land masses ; no equivalent jet streams ; and the peculiarities of the reversing ocean currents in the Pacific.

The Antarctic Circumpolar Wave is a coupled ocean / atmosphere wave that circles the Southern Ocean in approximately eight years.

* Antarctic Circumpolar Current, an ocean current

Benthic forams and Vostok ice core show two distinct proxies for past global sealevel and temperature, from ocean sediment and Antarctic ice respectively.

Since snow and ice cover the surface of the ocean even in summer, their specialized eyes are evolved to work in the reduced light levels found in the great depths of the Antarctic ocean.

The Maori chief, Notothenia angustata, is a cod icefish in the genus Notothenia found in the southern ocean between New Zealand and Chile south to the Antarctic, at depths down to 100 m in rocky reef areas.

The Elder Things described in the story At the Mountains of Madness were killed by a Shoggoth whilst attempting to find a means to enter the subterranean ocean in the Antarctic, apparently unaware of the collapse of their ancestors ' city.

The cold, well mixed, oxygen rich waters of the Antarctic ocean provided an environment where a fish with a low metabolic rate could survive even without hemoglobin — albeit less efficiently.

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current ( ACC ), or the West Wind Drift, is an ocean current that flows from west to east around Antarctica.

Remote sensing applications include monitoring deforestation in areas such as the Amazon Basin, the effects of climate change on glaciers and Arctic and Antarctic regions, and depth sounding of coastal and ocean depths.

* Erratics dropped by icebergs melting in the ocean can be used to track Antarctic and Arctic-region glacial movements for periods prior to record retention.

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current ( ACC ) is the strongest current system in the world oceans, linking the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific basins.

The ice sheet which drains into the Amundsen Sea averages about in thickness ; is roughly the size of the state of Texas and the area is known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment ( ASE ); it forms one of the three major ice drainage basins of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.

The ice sheet which drains into the Amundsen Sea averages about in thickness ; is roughly the size of the state of Texas and the area is known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment ( ASE ); it forms one of the three major ice drainage basins of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, the others being the Ross Sea Embayment and the Weddell Sea Embayment.

This process repeats itself along Antarctica ’ s coastal areas, spreading cold sea water outward into the world ’ s ocean basins ( Australian Government Antarctic Division ).

Unregulated fishing landed five to six times more than the regulated fishery, and allegedly illegal fishing in Antarctic waters in 1998 resulted in the seizure ( by France and Australia ) of at least eight fishing ships.

Travelling in a specially designed six wheel drive vehicle, the team completed the journey from the Antarctic coast at Patriot Hills to the geographic South Pole in 69 hours.

All ships at port are subject to inspection in accordance with Article 7, Antarctic Treaty.

To trace it starting arbitrarily at South America, it flows through the Drake Passage between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula and then is split by the Scotia Arc to the east, with a shallow warm branch flowing to the north in the Falkland Current and a deeper branch passing through the Arc more to the east before also turning to the north.

Published estimates of the onset of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current vary, but it is commonly considered to have started at the Eocene / Oligocene boundary.

Antarctic sea ice cycles seasonally, in February – March the amount of sea ice is lowest, and in August – September the sea ice is at its greatest extent.

The Antarctic region had no indigenous population when first discovered, and its present inhabitants comprise a few thousand transient scientific and other personnel working on tours of duty at the several dozen research stations maintained by various countries.

In December 2009, the growth of tourism, with consequences for both the ecology and the safety of the travellers in its great and remote wilderness, was noted at a conference in New Zealand by experts from signatories to the Antarctic Treaty.

The definitive results of the conference would be presented at the Antarctic Treaty states ' meeting in Uruguay in May 2010.

Its detectors got a trial run at the Antarctic Viper telescope as ACBAR ( Arcminute Cosmology Bolometer Array Receiver ) experiment — which has produced the most precise measurements at small angular scales to date — and at the Archeops balloon telescope.

The African, Indian, and Antarctic crustal plates converge in the Indian Ocean at the Rodrigues Triple Point.

The South Equatorial Current, flowing west along the equator, swings southward east of New Guinea, turns east at about 50 ° S, and joins the main westerly circulation of the Southern Pacific, which includes the Earth-circling Antarctic Circumpolar Current.

These were not restricted to Antarctic regions ; on the contrary, subantarctic regions harboured high diversity, and at least one giant penguin occurred in a region not quite 2, 000 km south of the equator 35 mya

In the extreme cold of the Antarctic winter, the females are at sea fishing for food leaving the males to brave the weather by themselves.

The Belgica, whether by mistake or design, became locked in the sea ice at 70 ° 30 ′ S off Alexander Island, west of the Antarctic Peninsula.

There is no native population on the islands ; the present inhabitants are the British Government Officer, Deputy Postmaster, scientists, and support staff from the British Antarctic Survey who maintain scientific bases at Bird Island and at the capital, King Edward Point, as well as museum staff at nearby Grytviken.

The base at King Edward Point was expanded as a research facility in 1949 / 1950 by the British Antarctic Survey, which until 1962 was called the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey.

On the other hand, places on the Antarctic Circle ( latitude 66. 56 ° south ) will see the Sun just on the horizon during midday, and all places south of it will not see the Sun above horizon at any time of the day.