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The Antarctic fur seal ( Arctocephalus gazella ) is one of eight seals in the genus Arctocephalus, and one of nine fur seals in the subfamily Arctocephalinae.
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Antarctic and fur
**** Antarctic fur seal, A. gazella
*** Antarctic fur seal, A. gazella
It was widely adopted as a high-energy food by Europeans involved in the fur trade and later by Arctic and Antarctic explorers, such as Robert Falcon Scott and Roald Amundsen.
Around the sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia, the Antarctic fur seal ( Arctocephalus gazella ) is the main prey.
The Leopard seal ( Hydrurga leptonyx ), Antarctic fur seal ( Arctocephalus gazella ), Subantarctic fur seal ( A. tropicalis ) and Killer whale ( Orcinus orca ) sometimes hunt adult Macaroni Penguins in the water.
Antarctic krill is the keystone species of the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean, and is an important food organism for whales, seals, Leopard Seals, fur seals, Crabeater Seals, squid, icefish, penguins, albatrosses and many other birds.
As its name suggests, the Antarctic fur seal is distributed in Antarctic waters.
About one in 1000 Antarctic fur seals are pale ' blonde ' variants.
Antarctic fur seals grow 2 m ( 6. 5 ft ) long and weigh to.
Antarctic fur seals appear to act alone when foraging and migrating.
The usual food supply is krill, of which each Antarctic fur seal eats about a tonne in a year.
Male Antarctic fur seal on the Kerguelen Islands The Antarctic fur seal breeds in summer on islands ranging from South Georgia at 70 ° W round to about 80 ° E ( Kerguelen Islands ).
Antarctic fur seals typically feed on krill, squid and fish.
Leopard seals eat Antarctic fur seal pups.
The breeding system of the Antarctic fur seal is polygynous, and dominant breeding males mate with as many as 20 females during a successful season.
Antarctic fur seals, South Georgia
The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom.
** Antarctic fur seal, Arctocephalus gazella
Antarctic and seal
In December 1821, Nathaniel Palmer, an American sealer looking for seal breeding grounds, sighted what is now known as the Antarctic Peninsula, located in the continent's northwestern quadrant.
Lukin has repeatedly reassured other signatory nations to the Antarctic Treaty System that the drilling will not affect the lake, arguing that on breakthrough, water will rush up the borehole, freeze, and seal the chemical fluids out.
The southern elephant seal ( Mirounga leonina ) of Antarctic and subantarctic waters is the largest carnivoran of all time, with bull males reaching a maximum length of and maximum weight of 5, 000 kilograms.
This feat is unlikely to be repeated, as all dogs have been banned from Antarctica by the Antarctic Treaty nations since 1994, due to fears that they could transmit diseases to the native seal population.
The crabeater seal shares a common recent ancestor with the other Antarctic seals, which are together known as the lobodontine seals.
An international effort, the Antarctic Pack Ice Seal initiative ( APIS ), is currently underway to evaluate systematically collected survey data and obtain reliable estimates of all Antarctic seal abundances.
Despite its name, the crabeater seal does not feed on crabs, which are not found in its Antarctic habitat.
Rather, the crabeater seal is a specialist predator on Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba ), which comprise over 90 % of the diet.
Although the crabeater seal is sympatric with the other Antarctic seal species ( Weddell, Ross and leopard seals ), the specialization on krill minimizes interspecific food competition.
Other Antarctic seal species include:
The leopard seal ( Hydrurga leptonyx ), also referred to as the sea leopard, is the second largest species of seal in the Antarctic ( after the southern elephant seal ).
Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba ), southern elephant seal ( Mirounga leonina ) pups and seabirds other than penguins have also been found in leopard seal scats in small quantities.
* In 2003, a leopard seal dragged snorkeling biologist Kirsty Brown of the British Antarctic Survey nearly underwater to her death, in what was identified as the first known human fatality from a leopard seal.
* August 24-James Weddell ( died 1834 ), Flemish-born Anglo-Scots seal hunter and Antarctic explorer.
* September 9 – James Weddell ( born 1787 ), Anglo-Scots seal hunter and Antarctic explorer.
Antarctic and Arctocephalus
Seals include the Antarctic Fur Seal ( Arctocephalus gazella ) and Sub-Antarctic Fur Seal ( Arctocephalus tropicalis ) in large numbers, Leopard Seal ( Hydrurga leptonyx ), Weddell Seal ( Leptonychotes weddellii ), the huge Southern Elephant Seal ( Mirounga leonina ), and Crabeater Seal ( Lobodon carcinophagus ).
Antarctic and is
The equivalent polar circle in the Southern Hemisphere is called the Antarctic Circle.
The Antarctic continent, located in the Earth's southern hemisphere, is centered asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle.
It is surrounded by the southern waters of the World Ocean – alternatively ( depending on source ), it is washed by the Southern ( or Antarctic ) Ocean or the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans.
Some 98 % of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, the world's largest ice sheet and also its largest reservoir of fresh water.
Western Antarctica is covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Pictured here is the Antarctic toothfish, a sister species.
Antarctic airports are subject to severe restrictions and limitations resulting from extreme seasonal and geographic conditions ; they do not meet ICAO standards, and advance approval from the respective governmental or nongovernmental operating organization is required for landing ( 1999 est.
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current ( ACC ) is the strongest current system in the world oceans, linking the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific basins.
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current ( ACC ) is an ocean current that flows clockwise from west to east around Antarctica.
Associated with the Circumpolar Current is the Antarctic Convergence where the cold Antarctic waters meet the warmer waters of the subantarctic, creating a zone of upwelling nutrients.
To trace it starting arbitrarily at South America, it flows through the Drake Passage between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula and then is split by the Scotia Arc to the east, with a shallow warm branch flowing to the north in the Falkland Current and a deeper branch passing through the Arc more to the east before also turning to the north.
Still further south lies the Polar front, which is marked by a transition to very cold, relatively fresh, Antarctic Surface Water at the surface.
Further south still is the Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front ( SACCF ), which is determined as the southernmost extent of Circumpolar Deep Water ( temperature of about 2 ° C at 400m ).
Evidence of this is the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave, a periodic oscillation that affects the climate of much of the southern hemisphere.
There is also the Antarctic oscillation, which involves changes in the location and strength of Antarctic winds.
Published estimates of the onset of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current vary, but it is commonly considered to have started at the Eocene / Oligocene boundary.
The timing of the opening of the Drake Passage, between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula, is more disputed ; tectonic and sediment evidence show that it could have been open as early as pre 34 Ma, estimates of the opening of the Drake passage are between 20 and 40 Ma.
Antarctic sea ice cycles seasonally, in February – March the amount of sea ice is lowest, and in August – September the sea ice is at its greatest extent.
Studies of phytoplankton stocks in the southern sea have shown that the Antarctic Circumpolar Current is dominated by diatoms, while the Weddell Sea has abundant coccolithophorids and silicoflagellates.
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