Extreme instances of persecution include the pogroms which preceded the First Crusade in 1096, the expulsion from England in 1290, the massacres of Spanish Jews in 1391, the persecutions of the Spanish Inquisition, the expulsion from Spain in 1492, Cossack massacres in Ukraine, various pogroms in Russia, the Dreyfus affair, the Final Solution by Hitler's Germany, official Soviet anti-Jewish policies and the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries.

Azerbaijan currently has diplomatic relations with 160 countries: Afghanistan, Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, the People's Republic of China, Denmark, Egypt, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Greece, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Kuwait, Libya, Luxembourg, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Poland, Qatar, Republic of India, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Togo, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan and Vietnam.

Jews from Arab countries – mainly Mizrahi Jews and Yemenite Jews – are today usually not categorised as Arab.

The few remaining Jews in the Arab countries reside mostly in Morocco and Tunisia.

Dozens of large cities and hundreds of towns reflect pronounced urban character of the Arab world ; in most of the countries about 70 percent of people are urban dwellers.

Arab culture is a term that draws together the common themes and overtones found in the Arab countries, especially those of the Middle-Eastern countries.

Arabic music is the music of Arab people or countries, especially those centered on the Arabian Peninsula.

In certain Gulf Arab countries, " bachelor " can refer to men who are single as well as immigrant men married to a spouse residing in their country of origin ( due to the high added cost of sponsoring a spouse onsite ), and a colloquial term " executive bachelor " is also used in rental and sharing accommodation advertisements to indicate availability to white-collar bachelors in particular.

It frequently received aid from those countries and the regional financial institutions they influenced, such as the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa and the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development.

This system is in widespread use in all Arab countries, but is accompanied by the Hijri system.

In Arab countries of the Persian Gulf, dill is called shibint and is used mostly in fish dishes.

The varieties of Arabic are considerably different from each other-especially those spoken in North Africa ( Maghreb ) from those of the Middle East ( the Mashriq in the broad definition including Egypt and Sudan )-and had there been the political will in the different Arab countries to cut themselves off from each other, the case could have been made to declare these varieties as separate languages.

However, in adherence to the ideas of Arab Nationalism, the Arab countries prefer to give preference to the Literary Arabic which is common to all of them, conduct much of their political, cultural and religious life in it ( adherence to Islam ), and refrain from declaring each country's specific variety to be a separate language, because Literary Arabic is the liturgical language of Islam and the language of the Islamic sacred book, the Qur ' an.

Most Arab countries were skeptical about the " Eisenhower doctrine " because they considered " Zionist imperialism " the real danger.

Egypt is one of the few countries in the Middle East, and the only Arab state, with a reconnaissance satellite and has launched another one in 2007.

Since 1983, Iraq has repeatedly called for restoration of Egypt ’ s “ natural role ” among Arab countries.

The state of war between both countries which dated back from the 1948 Arab – Israeli War ended in 1979 with the Egyptian – Israeli Peace Treaty a year after the Camp David Accords.

Both being predominantly Arab countries they are members of the Arab League, GAFTA, WTO, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Council of Arab Economic Unity and the United Nations.

It also remained the spoken tongue of the indigenous Assyrian / Babylonian citizens of all Mesopotamia under Persian, Greek and Roman rule, and indeed well into the Arab period it was still the language of the majority, particularly in the north of Mesopotamia, surviving to this day among the Assyrian Christians.

The fourth article of the Constitution of Afghanistan states that citizens of Afghanistan include Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazara, Uzbek, Turkmen, Aymaq, Arab, Baluch, Pashayi, Nuristani, Qezelbash, Gujjars and Brahui, who are native inhabitants of the country, and that all citizens of Afghanistan be called Afghans.

Diab is the best-selling Arab recording artist of all time, according to Amr Diab Official website.

The invasion of Persia was completed five years after the death of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, and all of the Persian territories came under Arab control, though pockets of tribal resistance continued for centuries in the Afghan territories.

Ba ' athism is a revolutionary Arab nationalist ideology that seeks the unification of all claimed Arab lands into a single Arab state.

The decision affects ambassadors to the United States, the People's Republic of China, France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Egypt, South Africa, Italy, Japan, Brazil, Cuba, Switzerland, Serbia, Malaysia, Iran, the United Arab Emirates, Senegal, Nigeria, Libya, Ghana, Algeria, Morocco, Gabon, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea-Bissau, comprising almost all of Guinea's foreign embassies.

By 650 Arab forces had conquered all of Persia, Syria, and Egypt.

While the Jewish population had received strict orders requiring them to hold their ground everywhere at all costs, the Arab population was more affected by the general conditions of insecurity to which the country was exposed.

The invading Arab armies were initially on the offensive but the Israelis soon recovered from the initial shock of being invaded on all sides.

Iraq participated in the Arab-Israeli wars of 1948, 1967 and 1973, and traditionally has opposed all attempts to reach a peaceful settlement between Israel and the Arab States.

The Arab countries ( all of which had opposed the plan ) proposed to query the International Court of Justice on the competence of the General Assembly to partition a country against the wishes of the majority of its inhabitants, but were again defeated.

In the late 20th century, Jews were expelled from nearly all the Arab countries.

Al-Maqdisi, the Arab geographer, wrote in 985 that, " the water of Jericho is held to be the highest and best in all Islam.

The Jericho Conference, organized by King Abdullah and attended by over 2, 000 Palestinian delegates in 1948 proclaimed " His Majesty Abdullah as King of all Palestine " and called for " the unification of Palestine and Transjordan as a step toward full Arab unity.

1998 then saw a further increase of activity, with the signing of Salako, and the release of albums for all three of their signed bands-most notably Belle & Sebastian's ' The Boy With The Arab Strap ', which enjoyed similar approval from reviewers and fans to the band's previous release.

Arab governance of all the major ports along the East African coast continued until British interests aimed particularly at securing their ' Indian Jewel ' and creation of a system of trade among individuals began to put pressure on Omani rule.

Having said that, not all Kuwaitis are originally Arab.

In the spring of 1979, after the Arab League had extended the mandate of the Arab Deterrent Force, the Sudanese, the Saudis and the UAE troops departed Lebanon, the Libyan troops were essentially abandoned and had to find their own way home, if at all.

Nazareth is known as " the Arab capital of Israel "; the population is made up predominantly of Arab citizens of Israel, almost all of whom are either Muslim ( 69 %) or Christian ( 30. 9 %).< ref >< p > In the New Testament, the city is described as the childhood home of Jesus, and as such is a center of Christian pilgrimage, with many shrines commemorating biblical events.

But they refuse, as do the Arab states, to support the United Nations' expenses of maintaining the United Nations Emergency Force in the Middle East as a buffer between Egypt and Israel, and the U.N. troops in the Congo, which expenses are not covered by the regular budget of the United Nations, but by a special budget.

According to Arab tradition, the ensuing war pushed Ghana over the edge, ending the kingdom's position as a commercial and military power by 1100, as it collapsed into tribal groups and chieftaincies, some of which later assimilated into the Almoravids while others founded the Mali Empire.

Della Valle described Anah as the chief Arab town on the Euphrates, an importance which it owes to its position on one of the routes from the west to Baghdad ; Texeira said that the power of its amir extended to Palmyra ( early 17th century ); but Olivier found the ruling prince with only twenty-five men in his service, the town becoming more depopulated every day from lack of protection from the Arabs of the desert.

He compiled a survey of mirror configurations in his work on remarkable mechanical devices which was known to Arab mathematicians such as Ibn al-Haytham.

At that moment, the nominal ruler of al-Andalus, emir Yusuf ibn ' Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri ( another member of the Fihrid family, and a favorite of the old Arab settlers ( baladiyun ), mostly of south Arabian or ' Yemenite ' tribal stock ) was locked in a contest with his vizier ( and son-in-law ) al-Sumayl ibn Hatim al-Qilabi, the head of the new settlers ( shamiyum, the Syrian junds or military regiments, mostly of north Arabian Qaysid tribes, which had arrived only in 742 ).

These elements, which formed the bulk of the population, were not averse to supporting a strong ruler who would protect them against the Arab aristocracy.

Dubai in the United Arab Emirates is currently building the Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Crossing, which is scheduled for completion in 2012.

In 985, the Arab geographer al-Muqaddasi visited Bethlehem, and referred to its church as the " Basilica of Constantine, the equal of which does not exist anywhere in the country-round.

The enemies of the Jews-Sanballat of Samaria, Tobiah the Ammonite, Geshem the Arab, and the men of Ashdod-plot to attack Jerusalem which necessitates the Jews working with weapons in their hands.

Henry McMahon had exchanged letters with Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca in 1915, in which he had promised Hussein control of Arab lands with the exception of " portions of Syria " lying to the west of " the districts of Damascus, Homs, Hama and Aleppo ".

The minutes revealed that in laying out the government's position Curzon had explained that: " Palestine was included in the areas as to which Great Britain pledged itself that they should be Arab and independent in the future ".

On November 1918 the large group of Palestinian Arab dignitaries and representatives of political associations addressed a petition to the British authorities in which they denounced the declaration.

Several Arab states supported Libyan territorial claims to the Strip, among the most outspoken of which was Algeria, which provided training for anti-Habré forces, although most recruits for its training programs were from Nigeria or Cameroon, recruited and flown to Algeria by Libya.

In Lebanon, the right-wing Guardians of the Cedars, a fiercely nationalistic ( mainly Christian ) political party which opposes the country's ties to the Arab world, is agitating for " Lebanese " to be recognized as a distinct language from Arabic and not merely a dialect, and has even advocated replacing the Arabic alphabet with a revival of the ancient Phoenician alphabet, which lacks a number of characters to write typical Arabic phonemes present in Lebanese, and lost by Phoenician ( and Hebrew ) in the second millennium BC.

However, the symbols used in different areas are not identical ; for instance, Western Arabic numerals ( from which the European numerals are derived ) differ from the forms used by other Arab cultures.

PDFLP poster ( 1965 ), the caption of which reads: " Solidarity with the people of the Middle East in their struggle against imperialism, feudalism, Zionism and Arab reaction " In 1969, a faction of the left-wing Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine ( PFLP ) broke away from the main organization to form the Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine ( PDFLP ).

Of the original thirteen books of which Arithmetica consisted only six have survived, though there are some who believe that four Arab books discovered in 1968 are also by Diophantus.

** Openness Euphoria, 1974 – 1982 during which policies were introduced to encourage Arab and foreign investment through a series of incentives and liberalizing trade and payment ; the economy expanded but this proved unsustainable and growth consequently scaled back.

The Arab Organization for Industrialization supervises nine military factories which produce civilian goods as well as military products.