Nevertheless, it remained one of the most splendid churches of the Eastern Empire, where the Byzantine Emperors were crowned.

Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos, the fourth emperor of the Macedonian dynasty of the Byzantine Empire in the 9th century AD, referred to Asia Minor as East thema, " ανατολικόν θέμα " ( from the Greek words anatoli: east, thema: administrative division ), placing this region to the East of Byzantium, while Europe was lying to the West.

The Aegean Sea was later invaded by the Persians and the Romans, and inhabited by the Byzantine Empire, the Bulgarians, the Venetians, the Genoeses, the Seljuq Turks, and the Ottoman Empire.

In the Byzantine Empire, Anatolikon called also Theme of the Anatolics ( ανατολικόν θέμα ) was a theme covering the western and central parts of Turkey's present-day Central Anatolian Region.

In the Byzantine Empire, Anatolikon called also Theme of the Anatolics ( ανατολικόν θέμα ) was a theme covering the western and central parts of Turkey's present-day Central Anatolian Region.

After the division of the Roman Empire, Anatolia became part of the East Roman, or Byzantine Empire.

Byzantine control was challenged by Arab raids starting in the 7th century ( see Byzantine – Arab Wars ), but in the 9th and 10th century a resurgent Byzantine Empire regained its lost territories and even expanded beyond its traditional borders, into Armenia and Syria ( ancient Aram ).

Control of Anatolia was then split between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm, with the Byzantine holdings gradually being reduced.

Alp Arslan led Seljuq Turks to victory against the Byzantine Empire | Byzantines in 1071.

In 1068, en route to Syria, Alp Arslan Oush invaded the Byzantine Empire.

While the Byzantine Empire was to continue for nearly another four centuries, and the Crusades would contest the issue for some time, the victory at Manzikert signalled the beginning of Turkish ascendancy in Anatolia.

* 527 – Justinian I becomes the sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire.

Its great natural strength and situation, not far from the mouth of the Sis pass, and near the great road which debouched from the Cilician Gates, made Anazarbus play a considerable part in the struggles between the Byzantine Empire and the early Muslim invaders.

This is regarded by some historians as the real end of the Byzantine Empire.

Troy cannot have been Asagarth, Snorri realizes, the reason being that the Æsir in Asaland were unsettled by the military activities of the Romans ; that is, of the Byzantine Empire.

* 450 – Pulcheria becomes empress of the Byzantine Empire after her brother Theodosius II is killed during an hunting accident.

The " Rubens Vase " ( Byzantine Empire ).

* 1204 – Constantinople falls to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade, temporarily ending the Byzantine Empire.

Alexios used the opportunity of meeting the crusader leaders separately as they arrived and extracting from them oaths of homage and the promise to turn over conquered lands to the Byzantine Empire.

He presented himself to Robert Guiscard who used him as a pretext to launch his invasion of the Byzantine Empire.

There also is no mention of Troy, which was not far from Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine empire and militarily beyond the reach of the Vikings.

He had also profoundly altered the nature of the Byzantine government.

Andronikos II was also plagued by economic difficulties and during his reign the value of the Byzantine hyperpyron depreciated precipitously while the state treasury accumulated less than one seventh the revenue ( in nominal coins ) that it had done previously.

This could be either the normal military dress, with a tunic to about the knees, armour breastplate and pteruges, but also often the specific dress of the bodyguard of the Byzantine Emperor, with a long tunic and the loros, a long gold and jewelled pallium restricted to the Imperial family and their closest guards.

The regnal year of the emperor was also used to identify years, especially in the Byzantine Empire after 537 when Justinian required its use.

However other alloys such as low tin bronze were also used and they vary depending on local cultural attitudes, the purpose of the metal and access to zinc, especially between the Islamic and Byzantine world.

A 6th-century Byzantine scholar, Zosimus also described the total massacre of Decius ' troops and the fall of the pagan emperor:

There is also a smaller settlement mound to the west and a Byzantine settlement a few hundred meters to the east.

It is also situated at the nucleus of Coptic Orthodox community, which separated from the Roman and Byzantine church in the late 4th century.

Byzantine period emperors also used the Greek word " autokrator ", meaning " one who rules himself ," or " monarch ," which was traditionally used by Greek writers to translate the Latin dictator.

The Byzantine empire also produced three women who effectively governed the state: the Empress Irene and the Empresses Zoe and Theodora.

Incidentally by being king of Spain, he was also Roman ( Byzantine ) emperor in pretence through Andreas Palaiologos.

In the Middle East, Orthodox Christians have also been often referred as Roman ( or Rum ) Orthodox, because of their historical connection with the Eastern Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire as said in Chapter 30 ( Sura Rum ) of the Quran.

That was probably the reason why Ravenna was chosen not only as the capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy, but also for the seat of the Byzantine exarchs as well.

Late Roman Empire ( Christian ) 1st-2nd century frescoes were found in catacombs beneath Rome and Byzantine Icons were also found in Cyprus, Crete, Ephesus, Cappadocia and Antioch.

* Medieval Greek, also known as Byzantine Greek: the continuation of Koine Greek during Byzantine Greece, up to the demise of the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century.

There are also many ancient and Byzantine dishes which are no longer consumed: porridge as the main staple, fish sauce, and salt water mixed into wine.

The Byzantines also used the weapon to devastating effect against the various Rus ' raids to the Bosporus, especially those of 941 and 1043, as well as during the Bulgarian war of 970 – 971, when the fire-carrying Byzantine ships blockaded the Danube.

The Byzantine military manuals also mention that jars ( kytrai or tzykalia ) filled with Greek fire and caltrops wrapped with tow and soaked in the substance were thrown by catapults, while pivoting cranes ( gerania ) were employed to pour it upon enemy ships.

The cheirosiphōnes especially were prescribed for use at land and in sieges, both against siege machines and against defenders on the walls, by several 10th-century military authors, and their use is depicted in the Poliorcetica of Hero of Byzantium. The Byzantine dromons usually had a siphōn installed on their prow under the forecastle, but additional devices could also on occasion be placed elsewhere on the ship.

It was only in the Comnenian period ( 1081 – 1185 ) that the cult of the icon became widespread in the Byzantine world, partly on account of the dearth of richer materials ( such as mosaics, ivory, and enamels ), but also because an iconostasis a special screen for icons was introduced then in ecclesiastical practice.