There also is no mention of Troy, which was not far from Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine empire and militarily beyond the reach of the Vikings.

The new Frankish alliance was important because of the Franks ' known hostility to the Byzantine empire, providing the Lombards with more than one option.

Inheriting a collapsing empire and faced with constant warfare during his reign against both the Seljuq Turks in Asia Minor and the Normans in the western Balkans, Alexios was able to halt the Byzantine decline and begin the military, financial, and territorial recovery known as the Komnenian restoration.

Due to the troubled times the empire was enduring, he had by far the greatest number of rebellions against him of all the Byzantine emperors.

Kilij Arslan II invaded the empire in AD 1182, defeating the Byzantines at the Siege of Cotyaeum resulting in the Byzantine Empire losing Cotyaeum and Sozopolis.

* 475 – Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter ( Enkyklikon ) to the bishops of his empire, supporting the Monophysite christological position.

For the empire, see Byzantine Empire.

* The comparison of the patterns found on the swords to Damask fabrics woven in the Byzantine empire.

In eastern Europe, the French army was at times hindered by Manuel I Comnenus, the Byzantine Emperor, who feared that it would jeopardize the tenuous safety of his empire ; however, during their 3-week stay at Constantinople, Louis was fêted and Eleanor was much admired.

However, Byzantine resistance to the new empire meant that it was in constant struggle to establish itself.

The Orthodox Church traces its development back through the Byzantine or Roman empire, to the earliest church established by St. Paul and the Apostles.

* Greens, a political faction and associated chariot-racing team in the Byzantine empire ; involved in the deadly Nika riots of 532

Later it was part of provinces of the Byzantine empire called Themes.

* 475 – Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire.

IV, Issue 3 ( Jun / Jul, 2010 ), was devoted to " Justinian's fireman: Belisarius and the Byzantine empire ", with articles by Sidney Dean, Duncan B. Campbell, Ian Hughes, Ross Cowan, Raffaele D ' Amato, and Christopher Lillington-Martin.

After the Fourth Crusade, the Byzantine empire was divided up by the Latin emperors of Constantinople, with Chios nominally becoming a possession of the Republic of Venice.

However, defeats for the Latin empire resulted in the island reverting to Byzantine rule in 1225.

At the end of the 10th century, much of what is now Republic of Macedonia became the political and cultural center of the First Bulgarian Empire under Tsar Samuil ; while the Byzantine emperor Basil II came to rule the eastern part of the empire ( what is now Bulgaria ), including the then capital Preslav, in 972.

During the regency rule of his widow, the Byzantine princess Theophanu, the empire abandoned her husband's imperialistic policy and devoted herself entirely to furthering an alliance between Church and Empire.

It covers the story of the Lombards from their legendary origins in the north in ' Scadinavia ' and their subsequent migrations, notably to Italy in 568 / 9 to the death of King Liutprand in 744, and contains much information about the Byzantine empire, the Franks, and others.

Religious pendant showing Christ blessing, framed with rubies and pearls, from the Byzantine empire, 12th or 13th century

The Italian revolt of the 720s, organized and led by Pope Gregory II, was originally provoked by the attempt of the Constantinople Emperor Leo III the Isaurian to introduce a poll tax in the Italian provinces of the Byzantine Empire in 722, and set in motion the permanent separation of Italy from the Byzantine empire.

As late as the 6th century the Eastern Roman empire ( i. e., the Byzantine empire ) was issuing decrees against conversion to Judaism, implying that this was still occurring.

In the Byzantine Empire, Anatolikon called also Theme of the Anatolics ( ανατολικόν θέμα ) was a theme covering the western and central parts of Turkey's present-day Central Anatolian Region.

In the Byzantine Empire, Anatolikon called also Theme of the Anatolics ( ανατολικόν θέμα ) was a theme covering the western and central parts of Turkey's present-day Central Anatolian Region.

He had also profoundly altered the nature of the Byzantine government.

Andronikos II was also plagued by economic difficulties and during his reign the value of the Byzantine hyperpyron depreciated precipitously while the state treasury accumulated less than one seventh the revenue ( in nominal coins ) that it had done previously.

This could be either the normal military dress, with a tunic to about the knees, armour breastplate and pteruges, but also often the specific dress of the bodyguard of the Byzantine Emperor, with a long tunic and the loros, a long gold and jewelled pallium restricted to the Imperial family and their closest guards.

The regnal year of the emperor was also used to identify years, especially in the Byzantine Empire after 537 when Justinian required its use.

However other alloys such as low tin bronze were also used and they vary depending on local cultural attitudes, the purpose of the metal and access to zinc, especially between the Islamic and Byzantine world.

A 6th-century Byzantine scholar, Zosimus also described the total massacre of Decius ' troops and the fall of the pagan emperor:

There is also a smaller settlement mound to the west and a Byzantine settlement a few hundred meters to the east.

It is also situated at the nucleus of Coptic Orthodox community, which separated from the Roman and Byzantine church in the late 4th century.

Byzantine period emperors also used the Greek word " autokrator ", meaning " one who rules himself ," or " monarch ," which was traditionally used by Greek writers to translate the Latin dictator.

Incidentally by being king of Spain, he was also Roman ( Byzantine ) emperor in pretence through Andreas Palaiologos.

In the Middle East, Orthodox Christians have also been often referred as Roman ( or Rum ) Orthodox, because of their historical connection with the Eastern Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire as said in Chapter 30 ( Sura Rum ) of the Quran.

That was probably the reason why Ravenna was chosen not only as the capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy, but also for the seat of the Byzantine exarchs as well.

Late Roman Empire ( Christian ) 1st-2nd century frescoes were found in catacombs beneath Rome and Byzantine Icons were also found in Cyprus, Crete, Ephesus, Cappadocia and Antioch.

* Medieval Greek, also known as Byzantine Greek: the continuation of Koine Greek during Byzantine Greece, up to the demise of the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century.

There are also many ancient and Byzantine dishes which are no longer consumed: porridge as the main staple, fish sauce, and salt water mixed into wine.

The Byzantines also used the weapon to devastating effect against the various Rus ' raids to the Bosporus, especially those of 941 and 1043, as well as during the Bulgarian war of 970 – 971, when the fire-carrying Byzantine ships blockaded the Danube.

The Byzantine military manuals also mention that jars ( kytrai or tzykalia ) filled with Greek fire and caltrops wrapped with tow and soaked in the substance were thrown by catapults, while pivoting cranes ( gerania ) were employed to pour it upon enemy ships.

The cheirosiphōnes especially were prescribed for use at land and in sieges, both against siege machines and against defenders on the walls, by several 10th-century military authors, and their use is depicted in the Poliorcetica of Hero of Byzantium. The Byzantine dromons usually had a siphōn installed on their prow under the forecastle, but additional devices could also on occasion be placed elsewhere on the ship.

It was only in the Comnenian period ( 1081 – 1185 ) that the cult of the icon became widespread in the Byzantine world, partly on account of the dearth of richer materials ( such as mosaics, ivory, and enamels ), but also because an iconostasis a special screen for icons was introduced then in ecclesiastical practice.