The Islamic Golden Age was inaugurated by the middle of the 8th century by the ascension of the Abbasid Caliphate and the transfer of the capital from Damascus to the newly founded city Baghdad.

Abd al-Rahman I, or, his full name by patronymic record, Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu ' awiya ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ( 731 – 788 ) ( Arabic: عبد الرحمن الداخل ) was the founder of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba ( 755 ), a Muslim dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries ( including the succeeding Caliphate of Córdoba ).

The city was sacked by the Samaritans in 529, but rebuilt by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I. Bethlehem was conquered by the Arab Caliphate of ' Umar ibn al-Khattāb in 637, who guaranteed safety for the city's religious shrines.

Following at the Battle of Uhud in 625, it is said that after killing Hamzah ibn Abdu l-Muṭṭalib, his liver was consumed by Hind bint ‘ Utbah ( the wife of Abû Sufyan ibn Harb one of the commanders of the Qurayš army ) who later reportedly converted to Islam and became the mother of Muawiyah I founder of the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate.

The Battle of Talas in 751 CE was a conflict between the Arab Abbasid Caliphate and the Chinese Tang Dynasty over the control of Central Asia.

There was one known instance in history that a calipha ruled a Caliphate: Sitt al-Mulk was regent of the Fatimid Caliphate from 1221 to 1223.

Byzantine control over the sites of Israel and Judah and other parts of the Levant lasted until 636, when it was conquered by Arabs and became a part of the Caliphate.

The Umayyad Caliphate, with origin in Hejaz, Arabian peninsula or Emirate was overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate or Emirate ( second Arab dynasty ), some of the remaining Umayyad leaders escaped to Castile and declared Córdoba an independent emirate.

The Caliphate was mostly concerned with maintaining its power base in North Africa, but these possessions eventually dwindled to the Ceuta province.

From 636 until the beginning of the Crusades, Palestine was ruled first by Medinah-based Rashidun Caliphs, then by the Damascus-based Umayyad Caliphate and after that the Baghdad-based Abbasid Caliphs.

The most important of these states was the Sokoto Caliphate or Fulani Empire.

The city was the scene of conflicts between different groups of Muslims and Arab tribes in the disorders leading to the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate.

* Khomeini talked not about restoring the Caliphate, but about establishing an Islamic state where the leading role was taken by Islamic jurists ( ulama ) as the successors of Shia Imams until the Mahdi returned from occultation.

The Mawlawīyah was a well-established Sufi order in the Ottoman Empire, and many of the members of the order served in various official positions of the Caliphate.

After the victory of blossameg Leo was dispatched on a diplomatic mission to Alania and Lazica to organize an alliance against the Umayyad Caliphate under Al-Walid I. Leo was appointed commander ( stratēgos ) of the Anatolic theme by Emperor Anastasius II.

The Ottoman Caliphate was abolished on 3 March 1924 ; the Caliphate's authority and properties were transferred to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.

This view was challenged by the " rationalist " Mutazilite philosophers, who held a more Hellenic view, reason above revelation, and as such are known to modern scholars as the first speculative theologians of Islam ; they were supported by a secular aristocracy who sought freedom of action independent of the Caliphate.

In the medieval Islamic Caliphate, a form of passport was used in the form of a bara ' a, a receipt for taxes paid.

Only citizens who paid their zakah ( for Muslims ) or jizya ( for Dhimmis ) taxes were permitted to travel to different regions of the Caliphate, thus the bara ' a receipt was a " traveller's basic passport.

The city of Cairo was founded in 969 CE by Gawhar al-Siqilli as the royal city of the Fatimid Caliphate, with a defensive wall.

He founded his new capital Mahdiyya ( named after his own title al-Mahdi ) in the year 304 AH / 916 CE and founded his Caliphate on tolerance, and never displayed the fanaticism of a sectarian ruler.

Two organisations have been banned in 2002 because their programme was judged as contrary to the constitution: The " Hizb ut-Tahrir " and the so called " Caliphate State " founded by Cemalettin Kaplan and later led by his son Metin Kaplan.

He moved to Baghdad, the capital of the Arab Islamic Caliphate at the time, in 816 AD, because the Abbasid Caliphs encouraged scientists and scholars and had just founded the House of Wisdom.

After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk officially abolished the system of Caliphate in Islam ( the Ottoman Empire ) and founded the Republic of Turkey, in 1923.

In 1809, Muhammad Bello, the son of dan Fodio, founded the city of Sokoto, which became the capital of the Sokoto Caliphate.

The dynasty founded by Ardashir would rule for four centuries, until it was overthrown by the Rashidun Caliphate in 651.

Bakri founded Al-Muhajiroun in Mecca, Saudi Arabia on 3 March 1983 following " the 59th anniversary of the destruction of the Ottoman Caliphate ," in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Qarmaṭ became a missionary of the new Imām, Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah ( 873 – 934 ), who founded the Fatimid Caliphate in North Africa in 909.

The dependence of Morocco from the Caliphate of Baghdad ceased in 788, when, under the Idris ibn Abdallah ( known as Idriss I ), the dynasty of the Idrissids, the descendants of Ali, was founded and proclaimed its independent rule over Morocco.

They founded, alongside missionaries and imams such as Abu Abd Allah ash-Chi ' i and Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi, the Fatimid dynasty, which eventually replaced the Arab emirate of the Aghlabids, who controlled Ifriqiya ( North Africa ) 800-909, nominally as vassals of the Abbasid Caliphate.

From the early years of Islam, numerous governments have been founded as " Islamic ", beginning most notably with the Caliphate established by Mohammad himself and including subsequent governments ruled under the direction of a caliph ( meaning, " successor " to the prophet Mohammad ).

The sect was founded by the Persian cleric Sunpadh and was a revitalization of an earlier sect that had mixed Shī ‘ a Islam and Zoroastrianism ; however, its true claim to fame was its adoption by Bābak Khorramdin as a basis for rebelling against the Abbasid Caliphate.

Names of territories during the Caliphate

The Afghan area during the Caliphate

The Islamic Caliphate and other Islamic states took over the Middle East, Caucasus and Central Asia during the Muslim conquests of the 7th century, and later expanded into the Indian subcontinent and Malay archipelago.

conquered by the Arab Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century AD, and became a center of the Islamic Golden Age during the medieval Abbasid Caliphate.

In the late 7th and early 8th C., during the Umayyad Caliphate, conversions were often ignored and jizya continued being collected on Muslim converts, particularly if they were non-Arabs ( e. g. Berbers, Persians ), raising tensions throughout the caliphate.

The other major phase came during the Umayyad Caliphate of Islam, Egypt was a link between early center of Islam in the Near East and Iberia which led to the impressive style of pottery.

The tradition of lanterns as a decoration becoming associated with Ramadan is believed to have originated during the Fatimid Caliphate primarily centered in Egypt, where the Caliph Al-Muizz Lideenillah was greeted by people holding lanterns to celebrate his ruling.

The actual founding of present day Granada took place in the 11th century, during a civil war that ended the Caliphate in the early 11th century.

The medical works of both Sushruta and Charak originally in Sanskrit were translated into Arabic language during the Abbasid Caliphate in 750 AD.

Two major military battles occurred near the city: in 732, the Battle of Poitiers ( also known as the Battle of Tours ), in which the Franks commanded by Charles Martel halted the expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate, and in 1356, the Battle of Poitiers, a key victory for English forces during the Hundred Years ' War.

The foundations of Asturian culture and that of Christian Spain in the High Middle Ages were laid during the reigns of Silo and Mauregato, when the Asturian kings submitted to the authority of the Umayyad emirs of the Caliphate of Córdoba.

Famous historic slave rebellions have been led by the Roman slave Spartacus ; the thrall Tunni who rebelled against the Swedish monarch Ongentheow, a rebellion that needed Danish assistance to be quelled ; the poet-prophet Ali bin Muhammad, who led imported east African slaves in Iraq during the Zanj Rebellion against the Abbasid Caliphate in the ninth century ; Granny Nanny of the Maroons who rebelled against the British in Jamaica ; the Haitian Revolution, the only slave revolt which led to the founding of a country ; Denmark Vesey in South Carolina, USA ; and Madison Washington during the Creole case in 19th century America.

The family of Barmakids which played a deciding role in establishing the Abbasid Caliphate declined gradually during his rule.

Similar views were held by a number of Arabic writers during the time of the medieval Caliphate period.

Recent scholarship has noted that, although surviving early examples are now uncommon, human figurative art was a continuous tradition in Islamic lands in secular contexts ( such as literature, science, and history ); as early as the 9th century, such art flourished during the Abbasid Caliphate ( c. 749-1258, across Spain, North Africa, Egypt, Syria, Turkey, Mesopotamia, and Persia ).

The philosophical and metaphysical elements, and influence of the Greek philosophy were added afterward during the Abbasid Caliphate.

The Islamic Caliphate, or Arab Empire, became the dominant naval power in the Mediterranean Sea from the 7th to 13th centuries, during what is known as the Islamic Golden Age.

The medical works of both Sushruta and Charaka were translated into the Arabic language during the Abbasid Caliphate ( ca.

Moorish architecture has its roots deeply established in the Arab tradition of architecture and design established during the era of the first Caliphate of the Umayyads in the Levant circa 660AD with its capital Damascus having very well preserved examples of fine Arab Islamic design and geometrics, including the carmen, which is the typical Damascene house, opening on the inside with a fountain as the house's centre piece.

Rebuilt by Emperor Justin, and called after him Justinopolis, Edessa was taken in 609 by the Sassanid Persia, soon retaken by Heraclius, but lost to the Muslim army under Rashidun Caliphate during the Islamic conquest of Levant in 638 A. D.

In Baghdad the first pharmacies, or drug stores, were established in 754, under the Abbasid Caliphate during the Islamic Golden Age.

Sinbad the Sailor ( also spelled Sindbad ; Arabic: السندباد البحري as-Sindibād al-Baḥri ; Persian: سندباد Sandbād ) is a fictional sailor and the hero of a story-cycle of Middle Eastern origin who hails from Basrah, living during the Abbasid Caliphate.

The story as we have it is specifically set during the rule of the Abbasid Caliphate and particularly highlights the reign of Harun al-Rashid.