Alfonso's second son, Sancho, claimed to be the new heir, in preference to the children of Ferdinand de la Cerda, basing his claim on an old Castilian custom, that of proximity of blood and agnatic seniority.

Sancho married, circa 1245, a Castilian lady, Mécia Lopes de Haro, widow of Alvaro Peres de Castro, and daughter of Lope Díaz II de Haro and Urraca Alfonso de León, an illegitimate daughter of Alfonso IX of León, but they had no legitimate sons.

Raymond and Mayor annulled their marriage, creating a further division finally resolved in 1025 when Mayor retired to a Castilian convent and Sancho received the submission of Raymond as vassal.

Sancho laid siege to the town, but the Castilian king was assassinated in 1072 by Bellido Dolfos, a Galician nobleman.

Ramiro marched on Graus again in the spring of 1063, but this time the Zaragozans had with them 300 Castilian knights under the infante Sancho the Strong and ( possibly ) his general Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, better known as El Cid.

The aforementioned Chronica naierensis contains an account generally, though not universally, regarded as a legend: that Sancho Garcés, an illegitimate son of García Sánchez III of Navarre, eloped with the daughter of García's wife, Stephanie ( probably by an earlier marriage ), who was the fiancée of the Castilian infante Sancho, and that he sought refuge at the court first of Zaragoza, then later of Aragon.

In particular, we have a collection of laws that Don Miguel de Manuel published with the title of Fuero viejo de Castilla, in concept of having been formed at the end of the 10th century or the beginning of the 11th by Count Don Sancho Garces for all the Castilian dominions, corrected by Alonso VII in the Court of Nájera, King Alfonso VIII in that of Burgos, King Alfonso XI in that of Alcalá, and Don Pedro, who was their editor.

Sancho married Urraca, the daughter of the Castilian count Fernán González and Sancha of Navarre, Sancho's aunt.

The Emir al-Muqtadir of Zaragoza leads his army north accompanied by a Castilian contingent under Prince Sancho ( the future Sancho II ).

* 1067-The Castilian army under Sancho II and the Alferez Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar – already known as El Cid by this time – besiege Zaragoza.

Faced with an invasion by his cousin the Castilian Sancho, The Navarrese Sancho asked for aid from his other cousin, Sancho of Aragón.

In 1065 Ferdinand the Great, the Castilian monarch died and his kingdom was divided between his sons, with the eldest, Sancho, taking Castile.

The participation of a Castilian magnate from the Navarrese border in an act by which Sancho formally defined the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Oca ( the only bishopric in Castile ) strongly suggests that Sancho was in a strong position.

The first-born of this union, Infanta Maria of Portugal, married King Alfonso XI of Castile in 1328, at the same time that Afonso IV's heir, Peter I of Portugal, was promised to another Castilian infanta, Constance of Peñafiel.

The Indies were administered as a federation of commonwealth kingdoms fashioned after the Aragonite Crown, but united under the Castilian system America was divided in 4 kingdoms, and Autonomous 5 Captainships autonomous within those kingdoms.

" The result of the crisis produced by the result of Alfonso I's will was a major reorientation of the peninsula's kingdoms: the separation of Aragon and Navarre, the union of Aragon and Catalonia and — a moot point but stressed particularly by some Castilian historians — the affirmation of ' Castilian hegemony ' in Spain " by the rendering of homage for Zaragoza by Alfonso's eventual heir, Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona.

Alicante was finally taken in 1246 by the Castilian king Alfonso X, but it passed soon and definitely to the Kingdom of Valencia in 1298 with King James II of Aragon.

Catharine of Aragon ( Castilian: Catalina de Aragón ; ; 16 December 1485 – 7 January 1536 ) was the Spanish Queen consort of England as the first wife of King Henry VIII of England and Princess of Wales as the wife to Arthur, Prince of Wales.

The Old Castilian language was also used to show the higher class that came with being a knight errant .- This last phrase is not completely accurate-In Don Quixote there are basically 2 different Castillian: Old Castillian is only spoken by Don Quixote, while the rest of the roles speak a much modern version of Spanish, pretty much understandable by the actual reader.

In Old Castilian the letter x represented the sound written with sh in modern English, so the name was originally pronounced " ".

Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar ( 1043 – July 10, 1099 ), known as El Cid Campeador (, " The lord-master of military arts "), was a Castilian nobleman, military leader, and diplomat.

In 1516, after a failed Navarrese-French attempt to expel the Spanish invaders from the kingdom, an attempt in which Francis ' brothers had taken part, the Spanish Castilian kingdom's Governor, Cardinal Cisneros, ordered family lands to be confiscated, the demolition of the outer wall, the gates and two towers of the family castle, the moat was filled, and the height of the keep was reduced in half.

* 1344 March – After a two-year siege, Algeciras was taken over by the Castilian forces.

* 1349-Gibraltar was unsuccessfully besieged by the Castilian forces led by the king Alfonso XI.

However, his attack was repelled and Castilian forces suffer heavy losses ( Seventh Siege of Gibraltar ).

The college of Saint Clement at Bologna was founded by Albornoz for the benefit of Hispanic ( both Castilian, Aragonese and Portuguese ) students, in 1364.

In the last years of the reign of Ferdinand III of Castile, Castilian began to be used for certain types of documents, and it was during the reign of Alfonso X that it became the official language.

In 1492, under the Catholic Monarchs, the first edition of the Grammar of the Castilian Language by Antonio de Nebrija was published.

The first was an expedition of a Castilian fleet led by a Genoese, Lanzarotto Malocello.

The Libro de juegos manuscript was a Castilian translation of Arabic texts, which were themselves translations of Persian manuscripts.

Alfonso was successful in promoting Castilian society and culture through his emphasis on the use of Galaico-Portuguese and Castilian, in academic, juridical, diplomatic, literary, and historical works.

This emphasis, on languages other than Romance languages, also had the effect of reducing the universality of his translated works and original academic writings, as Latin was the lingua franca in both Iberia and Europe ; yet Alfonso never desisted in his promotion of the Castilian vernacular.

Among the most powerful was the league of North Castilian and Basque ports, the Hermandad de las marismas: Toledo, Talavera, and Villarreal.

After the 1492 Alhambra decree, which resulted in the majority of Granada's Jewish population being expelled, the Jewish quarter ( ghetto ) was demolished to make way for new Catholic and Castilian institutions and uses.

The Consejo de Portugal independent inasmuch as it was one of the key administrative units used by the Castilian monarchy, on legally equal terms with the Consejo de Indias.

: King Alfonso XI of Castile attempted to retake Gibraltar aided by the fleet of the Castilian Admiral Alonso Jofre Tenorio.

Although Navarre at that time included the traditionally Castilian lands of Álava and La Rioja, Ferdinand demanded the cession only of Bureba.

In the conflicts that the newly sovereign Kingdom of Castile and Pamplona / Navarre had in the 11th and 12th century, the Castilians were supported by many landowners from La Rioja, who sought to consolidate their holdings under Castilian feudal law.

* Fueros de la Rioja, a collection of the local Medieval charters of several towns in La Rioja, in old Castilian or Latin.

The neighbouring kingdom considered that the newly acquired lands of the Algarve should be Castilian, not Portuguese, which led to a series of wars between the two kingdoms.

But his career of conquest was cut short by a revolution ( 1245 ), for which his marriage to a Castilian lady, Mécia Lopes de Haro, furnished a pretext.

The most urgent matter which confronted the king or the group of statesmen, led by João das Regras and the " Holy Constable " who inspired his policy was the menace of Castilian aggression.

His father died when he was young, and so John, his two older brothers and his widowed mother struggled with poverty, moving around and living in various Castilian villages, with the last being Medina del Campo, to which he moved in 1551.

In fact, the territory of the Castilian Crown actually comprised all other autonomous communities within Spain with the exception of Aragon, Balearic Islands, Valencia and Catalonia, which all belonged to the late Crown of Aragon, and Navarre, heir of the older Kingdom of the same name.

Castilian identity is thus excluded from the historical nationalities of Spain such as Catalonia, Galicia and the Basque Country, but also other autonomous communities of Spain which due to historical reasons have their own strong identities, such as Andalusia, Asturias, Aragon, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands and the Valencian Community.

From 1372 John gathered around himself a small court of refugee Castilian knights and ladies and set up a Castilian chancery which prepared documents in his name according to the style of Pedro I of Castile, dated by the Castilian era and signed by himself with the Spanish formula ' Yo El Rey ' ( I, the King ).

Shortly after the army returned to Portugal, John of Gaunt concluded a secret treaty with John of Trastámara under which he and his wife renounced all claim to the Castilian throne in return for a large annual payment and the marriage of their daughter Catherine to John of Trastámara's son Henry.

Edward was successful in the Battle of Nájera, in which he soundly defeated the combined French and Castilian forces led by Bertrand du Guesclin.

* The Najera Campaign in the Castilian region, during which Pedro the Cruel was temporarily saved from a coup, thus confirming Castilian Spanish dedication to the Prince's cause.

The language of the classic poets, its grammar and vocabulary, their style and themes, were the ideal to which poets of the troubadour revival in Toulouse and their Catalan and Castilian contemporaries aspired.

These last were called joglars, from the Latin ioculatores, giving rise also to the French jongleur, Castilian juglar, and English juggler, which has come to refer to a more specific breed of performer.

It was with this war as a backdrop that, beginning in 1707, Philip issued the Nueva Planta decrees, which centralized Spanish rule under the Castilian political and administrative model and in the process abolished the charters of the independently administered kingdoms within Spain – including most notably the Crown of Aragon, which was supporting Charles VI in the conflict.

Although December was very late in the growing season for flowers to bloom, Juan Diego found at the usually barren hilltop Castilian roses, not native to Mexico, which the Virgin arranged in his peasant tilma cloak.

Alfonso established Castilian as a language of higher learning, and was a prolific author of Galician poetry, such as the Cantigas de Santa Maria, which are equally notable for their musical notation as for their literary merit.

One side effect of the quickly expanding sheep herds was the decimation to the Castilian farmland through which the sheep grazed.

This evolved version of the Castilian language also acquired significant relevance in the royal chancery, where it came to replace Latin, which until then was the language commonly used by the royal diplomacy in Castilla and León.

The statute lays out the basic laws of the region and defines a series of essential values and symbols of the inhabitants of Castile and León, such as their linguistic patrimony ( the Castilian language, which English speakers commonly refer to simply as Spanish, as well as Leonese and Galician ), as well as their historic, artistic, and natural patrimony.