Alfonso II in the twelfth-century Libro de los Testamentos.

es: Libro de Amós

eo: Libro de Amos

es: Libro de Alma

ia: Libro de Alma

* c. 1283: The game of astronomical tables, from Libro de los juegos Alfonso X of Castile in Spain commissioned Libro de ajedrez, dados, y tablas ( Libro de los Juegos ( The Book of Games )) translated into Castilian from Arabic and added illustrations with the goal of perfecting the work.

Todas tablas from the Libro de los juegos

an: Libro de Chosué

es: Libro de Josué

gl: Libro de Xosué

es: Libro de Nehemías

eo: Libro de Neĥemja

es: Libro de Jeremías

eo: Libro de Jeremia

es: Libro de Isaías

eo: Libro de Jesaja

gl: Libro de Isaías

The game of astronomical tables, from Libro de los juegos

The Libro de juegos contains an extensive collection of writings on chess, with over 100 chess problems and variants.

The miniatures in the Libro de juegos vary between half-and full-page illustrations.

The back or second ( verso ) side of Folio 1, in a half-page illustration, depicts the initial stages of the creation of the Libro de juegos, accompanied by text on the bottom half of the page, and the front or first ( recto ) side of Folio 2 depicts the transmission of the game of chess from an Indian Philosopher-King to three followers.

Having multiple artisans working on the Libro de juegos would have been a typical practice for medieval chanceries and scriptoria, where the labor of producing a manuscript was divided amongst individuals of varying capacities, for example the positions of scribe, draftsman, and apprentice cutting pages.

But in addition to performing different tasks, various artisans could have labored at the same job, such as the work of illustration in the Libro de juegos, thereby revealing a variety hands or styles.

The faces reveal a striking specificity of subtle detail, particular to a limited number of miniatures throughout the Libro de juegos, perhaps indicative of a particular artist ’ s hand.

In the miniatures of this style, the emphasis seems to be more on the posture of the player than the detail of their faces ; this crossed, lounging style is only found in the folios of the Libro de tablas, the third section of the Libro de juegos which explicates the game of backgammon, again perhaps indicative of the work of a particular artist.

Other visual details contemporaneous of Alfonso ’ s court and social and cultural milieu infuse the Libro de juegos.

The Libro de juegos can be divided into three parts: the games and problems it explores textually, the actual illuminations themselves, and the metaphysical extrapolation, or allegories, where an analysis of the texts and illuminations reveals the movements of the macrocosmos of the universe and the microcosmos of man.

As Arab contact with the West expanded, so too did the game and its various permutations, and by the twelfth century, chess was becoming an entertaining diversion among a growing population of Europeans, including some scholars, clergy, the aristocracy, and the merchant classes ; thus, by the thirteenth century, the iconography and symbolism associated with chess would have been accessible and familiar to Alfonso and his literate court culture, who may have had access to the private library, and manuscripts, of Alfonso, including the Libro de juegos.

The visual trope portrayed in the Libro de juegos miniatures is seen in other European transcriptions of the Arabic translations, most notably the German Carmina Burana Manuscript: two figures, one on either side of the board, with the board tilted up to reveal to the readers the moves made by the players.

As an inheritor of a dynamic mixture of Arabic and Latin culture, Alfonso was steeped in the rich heritage of humanistic philosophy, and the production of his Libro de juegos reveals the compendium of world views that comprised the eclectic thirteenth century admixture of faith and science.

These experiences can be played out and studied as they are lived, or as game moves played and analyzed in the pages of the Libro de juegos.

ca: Libro de los juegos

cs: Libro de los juegos

es: Libro de los juegos

fr: Libro de los juegos

gl: Libro de los juegos

While it is mostly known for its extensive discussion of chess, the Alfonso X manuscript Libro de los juegos, completed in 1283, describes rules for a number of dice and tables games.

From Southern Europe there is the 14th century Catalan manuscript Llibre de Sent Soví (" The Book of Saint Sophia ") and several Italian collections, notably the Venetian mid-14th century Libro per Cuoco, with its 135 recipes alphabetically arranged.

In Venice, the mid-14th century manuscript Libro per cuoco offers ravioli of green herbs blanched and minced, mixed with beaten egg and fresh cheese, simmered in broth, a recipe that would be familiar today save for its medieval powdering of " sweet and strong spices ".

The earliest extant copy of the Kotruljević manuscript Libro de l ' Arte de la Mercatura ( Book on the Art of Trade ) is kept in the National Library of Malta and is dated 1475, although the original manuscript was dated 1458.

Soon, grimoires appeared that involved Catholic saints within them ; one such example that appeared during the 19th century which became relatively popular, particularly in Spain, was the Libro de San Cipriano, or The Book of St Ciprian, which falsely claimed to date from circa 1000.

The Libro de los Juegos, (" Book of games "), or Libro de acedrex, dados e tablas, (" Book of chess, dice and tables ", in Old Spanish ) was commissioned by Alfonso X of Castile, Galicia and León and completed in his scriptorium in Toledo in 1283, is an exemplary piece of Alfonso ’ s medieval literary legacy.

The Unua Libro (, First Book ) was the first publication to describe the international language Esperanto ( then called Lingvo Internacia, " international language ").

The inspiration for the " Amadis de Gaula " appears to be the blocked marriage of Infanta Constanza of Aragon with Henry of Castile in 1260 ( See Juan Manuel's Libro de las Armas of 1335 ), as blocked was also Oriana's marriage to Amadis.

Esperanto literature began before the official publication of the constructed language Esperanto ; the language's creator, L. L. Zamenhof, translated poetry and prose into the language as he was developing it as a test of its completeness and expressiveness, and published several translations and a short original poem as an appendix to the first book on the language, Unua Libro.

The anthem, one of the oldest in the world, was first printed in a document dated 1761 and entitled Libro de Ordenanza de los toques militares de la Infantería Española ( The Spanish Infantry's Book of Military Bugle and Fife Calls ), by Manuel de Espinosa.

Guevara, whose influence upon the Spanish prose of the 16th century was considerable, also wrote Libro de los inventores del arte de marear ( Valladolid, 1539, and Madrid, 1895 ).

Besides the above mentioned controversy, there was another regarding the two chapters on the Danubian Farmer, which appeared in different versions both in the ' Libro Aureo ' and the ' Relox de principes ' in which, it has been argued that the Farmer is a metaphour for the New World indigenous peoples and the Roman empire is nothing less than the Spanish empire.

A settlement at this location on the left bank of the Danube, in Wallachia, was mentioned with the name Drinago in a Spanish Libro de conoscimiento (" Book of knowledge ", circa 1350 ) and in several Catalan portolan charts ( Angelino de Dalorto, 1325 / 1330 and Angelino Dulcert, 1339 ).

The first person to publish a collection of music for the vihuela was the Spanish composer Luis de Milán, with his volume titled Libro de música de vihuela de mano intitulado El maestro of 1536.

In 1946, the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes ( National Institute of the Fine Arts ) was created as a government agency to promote the arts and was initially housed at the Museo Nacional de Artes Plasticas, the Museo del Libro and other places.

Editor of Assalto in 1934, he became co-editor of the GUF mouthpiece Libro e Moschetto ; in 1937, he published Essenza dei GUF (" Essence of the GUF "), a propaganda volume that was distributed throughout the network of Fascist youth organizations.

Rodrigo ( Ruy ) López de Segura ( c. 1530 – c. 1580 ) was a Spanish priest and later bishop in Segura whose 1561 book Libro de la invención liberal y arte del juego del Axedrez was one of the first definitive books about modern chess in Europe, only after Pedro Damiano's 1512 book.

Between 1645 to 1660, Vigan was divided into 21 Cavezas de Barrios ( Town Mayors ) as mentioned in the Libro de Casamiento ( Book of Marriage ); from the records of the parish house of Vigan found in its Archives.

In 1535 he published his first book, a parlor game with music, entitled El juego de mandar ; in the next year he published what was to be his most important book, Libro de música de vihuela de mano intitulado El maestro.

According to the Libro del Conoscimiento ( Book of the Knowledge ) the coat of arms for country of Roxia ( Ruthenia ) was described as a green field with a octagonal star, while its banner consists of two golden half-moons at a silver field pointing with their horns at each other.

The arrival of the French sparked great enthusiasm among the islands ' inhabitants, and was marked by acts such as the burning of the Libro d ' Oro, the abolition of aristocratic privileges and the adoption of the French Constitution of 1795.

Equicola ’ s Libro della natura d ’ amore ( 1495 ), Pietro Bembo ’ s Asolani and Francesco Cattani da Diacceto ’ s De amore were published while Judah was writing.