Now with an established national government in Nanjing, and supported by conservative allies including Hu Hanmin, Chiang's expulsion of the Communists and their Soviet advisers led to the beginning of the Chinese Civil War.

For some, Chiang was a national hero who led the victorious Northern Expedition against the Beiyang Warlords in 1927, achieving Chinese unification, and who subsequently led China to ultimate victory against Japan in 1945.

* Second, it failed to render the Chinese national standard pronunciation.

The KMT also opposes Taiwan independence and argues that efforts to establish a Taiwanese national identity separated from the Chinese national identity are unnecessary and needlessly provocative.

Chinese officials face critical challenges in effectively implementing the laws, clarifying the roles of their national and provincial governments, and strengthening the operation of their legal system.

The harmonization of Chinese society and the natural environment is billed as one of the country's top national priorities.

The five-spice powder mixture has followed the Chinese diaspora and has been incorporated into other national cuisines throughout Asia.

General Ma Bufang and other high ranking Muslim Generals attended the Kokonuur Lake Ceremony where the God of the Lake was worshipped, and during the ritual, the Chinese national anthem was sung, all participants bowed to a Portrait of Kuomintang party founder Dr. Sun Yat-sen, and the God of the Lake was also bowed to, and offerings were given to him by the participants, which included the Muslims.

Since the early 20th century, a form of standardized Mandarin ( described above ) has been the official and de facto national standard language in China and it is today one of the most frequently used varieties of Chinese among Chinese diaspora communities internationally.

Eventually coming to adopt an orthodox Marxist-Leninist position by accepting not only Marx's ideas but also those of Lenin, he came to view Chinese nationalism as a powerful tool in the national liberation struggle against western and Japanese dominance, but unlike orthodox Marxist-Leninists also viewed nationalism as something intrinsically valuable in itself.

China covers a large geographic area and uses the concept of " Zhonghua minzu " or Chinese nationality, in the sense of ethnic groups, but it also officially recognizes the majority Han ethnic group which accounts for over 90 % of the population, and no fewer than 55 ethnic national minorities.

The Chinese leadership have long encouraged for a move inland, and in 2012, following the western crisis, the top leadership announced a policy to redirect the Chinese production toward the national market.

On February 18, 1943, she became the first Chinese national and second woman to address both houses of the U. S. Congress.

The first national government of the Chinese Republic was established on 1 January 1912, in Nanjing, with Sun Yat-sen as the provisional president.

Since 1982, when the International Organization for Standardization adopted Pinyin as the standard romanization of Chinese, many Western languages have changed from spelling this loanword dao in national systems ( e. g., French EFEO Chinese transcription and English Wade – Giles ) to dao in Pinyin.

Taiwanese independence is a political movement whose goals are primarily to formally establish the Republic of Taiwan by renaming or replacing the Republic of China ( ROC ) ( commonly known as Taiwan ), strengthen Taiwanese national identity, reject unification and One country, two systems with the People's Republic of China ( PRC ) ( commonly known as China and mainland China ) and a Chinese identity, and obtain international recognition as a sovereign state.

Otherwise the Muslim, Chinese and Indian intellectuals held fast to a religious traditionalism, leaving them unprepared to advise national leaders on how to confront the European intrusion into Asia after 1500.

In the past few years, the Cantonese dialect that has dominated Chinatown for decades is being rapidly swept aside by Mandarin Chinese, the national language of China and the lingua franca of most of the latest Chinese immigrants.

* The national academy of Chinese learning, called Taehak, is established in the kingdom of Goguryeo ( Korea ).

He refused to " excommunicate " the Chinese communists, and directly told Leonid Brezhnev that the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Warsaw Pact countries ( which he termed the " tragedy in Prague ") had made clear the considerable differences within the Communist movement on fundamental questions such as national sovereignty, socialist democracy, and the freedom of culture.

The federation increased the Chinese proportion to close to 40 %.

Furthermore, it is generally agreed upon that the founding of the dominant Chinese race, the Han 漢 race, was the result of the " Yellow Emperor " Huangdi 黃帝, who unified a federation of tribes to drive the other tribes out of central China as it was known then ( today's northwestern China ), and several imperial dynasties existed since the time of Huang Di and before the time of Ying Zheng, the last of which integral dynasties, the Zhou 周 dynasty, disintegrated and formed the " Warring Nations " which were principalities of various sizes roughly based on the feudal kingdoms and duchies as ascribed under the Zhou dynasty political system.

Though they admitted the Ashina of Göktürks into their federation, the power of the Rouran was broken by an alliance of Göktürks, the Chinese Northern Qi and Northern Zhou dynasties and tribes in Central Asia in 552.

To different interpreters, this early Japanese shaman queen can appear as evidence of: communalism ( Marxists ), Jōmon priestess rulers ( Feminist history ), Japanese conquest of Korea ( Akima 1993 ), mongolian conquest of Japan ( Namio Egami's " horserider theory "), the imperial system originating with tandem rule by a female shaman and male monarch ( Mori 1979 ), the " patriarchal revolution " replacing female deities and priestesses with male counterparts ( Ellwood 1990 ), or a shamanic advisor to the federation of Wa chieftains who " must have looked like a ruling queen to Chinese envoys " ( Matsumoto 1983 ).

Based on Chinese records, some modern historians believe it developed from a loose federation into a kingdom between the 8th and 4th centuries BC, although this theory is contested.

Gojoseon was a kingdom in Northern Korea that is said by tradition to have been founded in 2333 BC ( archaeological evidence and Chinese histories support a cultural civilization from around 1500 BCE and a kingdom fused from a federation of smaller states around the 7th century BCE ), that was conquered by Han Dynasty China in 108 BC, and re-emereged from Chinese rule as the Kingdom Buyeo.

By 200 B. C., the Chinese state had emerged from a loose federation of feudal states of the Warring States Period to the unified empire with patrimonal rule.

The Chinese University of Hong Kong was founded as a loose federation of three colleges, but the founding colleges had later become dependent on the central administration, and new colleges were established as dependent colleges.

At the conference, representatives from Victoria, New South Wales and South Australia considered a number of issues including federation, communication, Chinese immigration, vine diseases and uniform tariff rates.

In 1998 she moved to Harbin, China to train with Chen Lu's former coach, Hongyun Liu, but although her jumping improved, the Chinese federation objected to a non-national being trained by him.

The vice president of the federation, Sheng Wang, denied these claims and accused Chen of damaging the reputation of all Chinese Australians as well as undermining relations between China and Australia.

During 1975 to 1976, the standing committee of the federation was supporting the Cultural Revolution, this angered some students, a student leader, Mak Chung Man, lead students to protest against the Communists, he was then criticized by the federation, the chairman said that he was " against all Chinese ".

According to its statutes, the federation was designed to " aid Chinese nationals in the social, cultural, public health, and medical fields ," to administer the property owned jointly by the Chinese community in Phnom Penh and elsewhere, and to promote friendly relations between Cambodians and Chinese.

With leadership that could be expected to include the recognized leaders of the national Chinese community, the federation was believed likely to continue the trend, evident since the early 1960s, to transcend dialect group allegiance in many aspects of its social, political, and economic programs.

Residents of Hong Kong holding licences issued by other Chinese authorities and some foreign countries can get a Hong Kong driving licence exempt from tests if they can adequately show that they obtained their licence while residing in the place concerned ( common proofs are school transcripts or employer's documentation ).

His cabinet then issued a declaration, accusing both nationalist and communist Chinese of " increasingly provocative and insulting " behavior toward Japan.

In 779 the Tang dynasty issued an edict which forced Uighurs to wear their ethnic dress, stopped them from marrying Chinese females, and banned them from pretending to be Chinese.

The magristrate who issued the orders may have wanted to protect " purity " in Chinese custom.

At the time, Chinese officials issued no condemnation of Nehru's claims or made any opposition to Nehru's open declarations of control over Aksai Chin.

* 650, The first Chinese Paper money is issued.

* The first Chinese paper money is issued, yet these banknotes will not become government-issued until the Song Dynasty era Sichuan province issues them in the year 1024, with the central government of China following suit in the 12th century.

On July 1, 1992, in order to meet growing demand, the Chinese government opened the legal services market to foreign law firms allowing them to establish offices in China when the Ministry of Justice and the State Administration of Industry and Commerce ( SAOIC ) issued the Provisional Regulation of Establishment of Offices by Foreign Law Firms regulation.

Building upon the Sui legal code, he issued a new legal code that subsequent Chinese dynasties would model theirs upon, as well as neighboring polities in Vietnam, Korea, and Japan.

The Roman Senate issued, in vain, several edicts to prohibit the wearing of silk, on economic and moral grounds: the importation of Chinese silk caused a huge outflow of gold, and silk clothes were considered to be decadent and immoral:

On July 31, the Kuomintang ( KMT ) had issued a statement that they were determined to turn every Chinese national and every piece of their soil into ash, rather than turn them over to the opponent.

While the extent of Prince Asaka's responsibility for the massacre remains a matter of debate, the ultimate sanction for the massacre and the crimes committed during the invasion of China were issued in Emperor Hirohito's ratification of the Japanese army's proposition to remove the constraints of international law on the treatment of Chinese prisoners on August 5, 1937.

* In the second month of the first year ( 1661 ) of Kangxi, Qing court issued the emperor's decree: The sea shore inhabitants will be ordered to move inland 50 Li ( Chinese: 里 ; translation: mile ), to curb their links with the Taiwan rebels ( Koxinga ).

It was not until November 8 that the Chinese central command issued a general retreat to withdraw from the entire Shanghai front.

On July 31, the Kuomintang had issued a statement that they were determined to turn every Chinese national and every piece of their soil into ash, rather than turn them over to the opponent.

When no Chinese envoy had arrived by 1: 00 p. m. on December 10, General Matsui Iwane issued the command to take Nanking by force.

Instead, mainland Chinese residents visiting Taiwan and other territory under ROC jurisdiction must use a mainland China resident pass issued by the ROC authorities.

Gunther Von Hagens issued a press statement denying any connection between the Chinese exhibition and Body Worlds.

Under the authorization of Stalin and Comintern, the delegation of CPC to Comintern led by Wang Ming issued a manifesto urging Chinese to set up a new united front against the Japanese, which was later called the Ba Yi Xuan Yan.

an edict issued in 1704 commented on the recent Han Chinese settlers in Fengtian having failed to comply with earlier orders requiring them to leave, and asked them to either properly register and to join a local defense group ( 保, bao ), or to leave the province for their original places within the next 10 years.

The University's Vice Chancellor, Brian Roper issued an apology letter to the Chinese Foreign Ministry via embassy officials in July.

In 2 CE, Wang Mang issued a list of four regulations to the allied Xiongnu that the taking of any hostages from Chinese vassals, i. e. Wusun, Wuhuan and the statelets of the Western Regions, would not be tolerated.

The Chinese spear and dao ( liuyedao and yanmaodao ) were commonly issued to infantry due to the expense of and relatively greater amount of training required for the effective use of Chinese straight sword, or jian.