There are many musical instruments that are integral to Chinese culture, such as the Xun ( Ocarina-type instrument that is also integral in Native American cultures ), Guzheng ( zither with movable bridges ), guqin ( bridgeless zither ), sheng and xiao ( vertical flute ), the erhu ( alto fiddle or bowed lute ), pipa ( pear-shaped plucked lute ), and many others.

Chinese free-reed wind instruments named he and yu were first mentioned in bone oracle writings dating from the 14th – 12th centuries BC, and were identified in later texts as types of sheng.

The traditional sheng ( 传统笙, pinyin: chuántǒng shēng ) used in, for example, northern Chinese ritual music, kunqu and Jiangnan sizhu ensembles generally have 17 pipes but with only 13 or 14 sounding pipes.

It is related to Western free-reed instruments such as the harmonium, concertina, accordion, harmonica, and bandoneon, which were developed beginning in the 18th century from the Chinese sheng, a related instrument, a specimen of which had been carried to St. Petersburg, Russia.

A province ( sheng ), formally provincial level division, is the highest-level Chinese administrative division.

* Yu ( wind instrument ), an ancient Chinese free-reed mouth organ, larger than the sheng

With " Réak " he introduced the sound idea of Chinese-Korean ceremonial music as well as the East Asian mouth organ ssaeng-hwan ( Korean ), sheng ( Chinese ), or shô ( Japanese ) into Western avantgarde music.

The festival culminated with the world premiere of Šu, a concerto for Chinese sheng and orchestra.

Also, many of the Chinese instruments are modified versions of traditional instruments, for example, the diyinsheng ( large bass sheng ), and the zhongyin ( alto ) suona, which is fitted with keys.

Chinese wind instruments include the dizi ( 笛子, a bamboo flute ), sheng ( 笙, which is free reed mouth organ ) and suona ( 唢呐, a double reed oboe ).

The sheng is a Chinese free-reed bamboo mouth organ.

Whilst jianpu ( numerical notation ) is most often used in the modern Chinese orchestra, standard notation is also sometimes used, especially for the keyed sheng, Western instruments like the cello and double bass, and also occasionally for certain percussion instruments ( for Western instruments like the vibraphone and triangle ).

* 1995-Elysian, sheng ( Chinese mouth organ ), 2 electric guitars, electric bass guitar, 2 pianos, and percussion

* 1997-Music from Nowhere, dizi ( Chinese bamboo flute ), sheng ( Chinese mouth organ )

Chinese sheng ( L ) & Japanese shō ( R )

It is modeled on the Chinese sheng, although the shō tends to be smaller in size.

Like the Chinese sheng, the pipes are tuned carefully with a drop of wax.

Rexroth uses many of his early poems when he reads to jazz, including many of his Chinese and Japanese translations ; ;

Likewise the ivory Chinese female figure known as a `` doctor lady '' ( provenance Honan ) ; ;

administrative organization and delicate diplomatic relations with Top Brass -- British, American and Chinese ; ;

); its design was planned by the government of the day ; and it places individual letters in syllable clusters with equal dimensions, in the same way as Chinese characters, to allow for mixed-script writing ( one syllable always takes up one type-space no matter how many letters get stacked into building that one sound-block ).

The Physiocrats were partially influenced by Chinese agrarianism ; leading physiocrats like François Quesnay were avid Confucianists that advocated China's agrarian policies.

Even more divergent are American stir-fry dishes inspired by Chinese food, that may contain brown rice instead of white, or those with grated cheese ; milk products are almost always absent from traditional Chinese food.

* 1363 – Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang ; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders — Chen Youliang and Zhu Yuanzhang — are pitted against each other in what is one of the largest naval battles in history, during the last decade of the ailing, Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty.

Chinese languages treat these two phones differently ; for example in Mandarin, ( written b in Pinyin ) and ( written p ) contrast phonemically.

Bilge's khaganate spanned vast steppes from the Caspian Sea to Manchuria ; he also invaded the western sections of the Chinese territories.

His reputation was not confined to Europe ; a Chinese mandarin sent him a letter addressed to " the illustrious Boerhaave, physician in Europe ," and it reached him in due course.

For example: in Africa, the bronze heads of the Kingdom of Benin ; in Europe, Grecian bronzes typically of figures from Greek mythology ; in east Asia, Chinese bronzes of the Shang and Zhou dynasty — more often ceremonial vessels but including some figurine examples.

Including these failed drug tests, 27 Chinese swimmers were caught using performance enhancing drugs from 1990 through 1997 ; more than the rest of the world combined.

Although its Academy Award was presented to Taiwan, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon was in fact an international co-production between companies in four regions: the Chinese company China Film Co-Production Corporation ; the American companies Columbia Pictures Film Production Asia, Sony Pictures Classics and Good Machine ; the Hong Kong company EDKO Film ; and the Taiwanese Zoom Hunt International Productions Company, Ltd ; as well as the unspecified United China Vision, and Asia Union Film & Entertainment Ltd., created solely for this film.

Continuing the coalition's free-trade strategy, in August 2006 President Bachelet promulgated a free trade agreement with the People's Republic of China ( signed under the previous administration of Ricardo Lagos ), the first Chinese free-trade agreement with a Latin American nation ; similar deals with Japan and India were promulgated in August 2007.

For instance, nearly all Australian languages lack fricatives ; a large percentage of the world's languages, for example Mandarin Chinese, lack voiced stops as phonemes such as,, and.

For example, jīngjì ( 经济 ／ 經濟, keizai ), which in the original Chinese meant " the workings of the state ", was narrowed to " economy " in Japanese ; this narrowed definition was then re-imported into Chinese.

* Free Online Dictionary Look up Chinese, Pinyin or English ; includes stroke animation and sound.

During the early computer era, Chinese characters were categorized by their radicals or Pinyin ( or romanization ), but results weren't completely satisfactory.

Sogou Pinyin is a popular Chinese Pinyin input method editor developed by Sogou, a Chinese search engine.

* Open-source Pinyin Chinese Input Method Editor: A free and open-source JavaScript jQuery plugin for web developers to build the pinyin input-method functionality into their own websites, supporting input for both simplified and traditional characters.

Qi (; spelled qì in Pinyin romanization and ch ' i4 in Wade-Giles ) or ki ( in Japanese romanization ), is a fundamental concept of traditional Chinese culture.

In 1912, when Jiang Zhiqing was in Japan, he started to use the name Chiang Kai-shek ( Chinese: 蔣介石 ; Pinyin: ; Wade-Giles: Chiang Chieh-shih ) as a pen name for the articles that he published in a Chinese magazine he founded ( Voice of the Army ( Chinese: 軍聲 ).

Chinese writing is now usually converted to the Latin alphabet through the Pinyin phonetic transcription systems.

In Hanyu Pinyin, the four tones of Mandarin Chinese are denoted by the macron ( first tone ), acute ( second tone ), caron ( third tone ) and grave ( fourth tone ) diacritics.

The root Chinese word 道 " way, path " is romanized tao in the older Wade – Giles system and dào in the modern Pinyin system.

Compare these transcriptions of Chinese 道: Wade – Giles tao or tao < sup > 4 </ sup > ( marking 4th tone ), Legge romanization tâo, Latinxua Sin Wenz dau, Yale Romanization dàu, Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II dau, Hanyu Pinyin dào, Tongyong Pinyin daˋo, Gwoyeu Romatzyh or National Romanization daw, Zhuyin fuhao ㄉㄠ, and Cyrillic Palliday system дао.

Taylor & Taylor ( 1995: 124 ) concluded, " By and large, Pinyin represents the Chinese sounds better than the Wade-Giles system, and does so with fewer extra marks.

While the transcription of the Chinese words used by Ricci was not very consistent, he systematically used Latin p and t for unaspirated Chinese sounds that Pinyin renders as b and d. Accordingly, Ricci called the adherents of Laozi, Tausu (, Pinyin: Daoshi ), which was rendered as Tausa in an early English translation published by Samuel Purchas ( 1625 ).

Gung-ho ( Pinyin gōnghé 工合 " work together ", see Cohen 1989 ) is pronounced because it was taken from spoken rather than written Chinese.

For the same reason, Kung-fu ( Pinyin gōngfú 功夫 " ability ", meaning " Chinese martial arts ") is pronounced instead of.

In most cases, Pinyin romanization more accurately represents Chinese pronunciations than Wade – Giles ; English speakers would read the martial art " Tai Ji Quan " closer to tàijíquán ' great ultimate fist ' than " T ' ai Chi Ch ' üan.