* 1964 – American Civil Rights Movement: Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States – The United States Supreme Court rules that the U. S. Congress can use the Constitution's Commerce Clause power to fight discrimination.

From 1938 until 1995, the U. S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress ' power under the Commerce Clause.

Most actions by the federal government can find some legal support among the express powers, such as the Commerce Clause, whose applicability has been narrowed by the Supreme Court in recent years.

Recently, the Commerce Clause was interpreted to include marijuana laws in the Gonzales v. Raich decision.

* Commerce Clause, also known as the Interstate Commerce Clause and Indian Commerce Clause, an enumerated power of the United States Constitution

In 2003, these claims were dismissed on summary judgment because the relief sought would violate the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution.

In the Eighth Annual Message to Congress ( 1908 ), Roosevelt mentioned the need for federal government to regulate interstate corporations using the Interstate Commerce Clause, also mentioning how these corporations fought federal control by appealing to states ' rights.

In modern times, the Commerce Clause has become one of the most frequently-used sources of Congress ' power, and thus its interpretation is very important in determining the allowable scope of federal government.

In the 20th century, complex economic challenges arising from the Great Depression triggered a reevaluation in both Congress and the Supreme Court of the use of Commerce Clause powers to maintain a strong national economy.

This was the first modern Supreme Court opinion to limit the government's power under the Commerce Clause.

Most recently, the Commerce Clause was cited in the 2005 decision Gonzales v. Raich.

It therefore ruled that this practice may be regulated by the federal government under the authority of the Commerce Clause.

These resolutions attempt to reassert state sovereignty over any area not listed among the " enumerated powers " ( i. e., any law based on an " expansive reading " of the Commerce Clause, the Necessary and Proper Clause, or the Supremacy Clause would, according to this resolution, be invalid ).

Jackson vetoed a bill which would authorize federal funding for a project to construct a road linking Lexington and the Ohio River, the entirety of which would be in the state of Kentucky, because he felt that it did not constitute interstate commerce, as specified in the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution.

The Communications Act of 1934 followed the precedents of trial cases set under the Commerce Clause of the U. S. Constitution ( Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 ), regulating commerce " among the several states ".

The board of suspension of the Interstate Commerce commission has ordered a group of railroads not to reduce their freight rates on grain, as they had planned to do this month.

The New York Central has pointed out that this control, if approved by the Interstate Commerce Commission, would give the combined C. & O. - B. & O. Railroad a total of 185 points served in common with the New York Central.

Since this book is concerned only incidentally with railroad rates, it will not attempt to analyze the methods by which the staff of the Interstate Commerce Commission has estimated out-of-pocket costs and apportioned residue costs.

Moreover, whereas in Interstate Commerce Commission parlance `` variable cost '' means a cost deemed to vary in direct proportion to changes in rate of output, in the type of analysis now under review `` variable cost '' has been used more broadly, so as to cover costs which, while a function of some one variable ( such as output of energy, or number of customers ), are not necessarily a linear function.

Azerbaijan has formal involvement with senior ex-U. S. government officials including James Baker and Henry Kissinger as they serve on the Honorary Council of Advisors of the U. S .- Azerbaijan Chamber of Commerce ( USACC ).

APEC has an Electronic Commerce Stearing Group as well as working on common privacy regulations throughout the APEC region.

It has been suggested that Herbert Hoover was the best Secretary of Commerce in United States history.

In July 2008, the U. S. Department of Commerce reiterated an earlier statement that it has " no plans to transition management of the authoritative root zone file to ICANN ".

In addition to being a unitary university, it has other institutes like the Jawahari Devi Birla Institute of Commerce and Management, Jadavpur Vidyapith as well as the Institute of Business Management affiliated to it, which operate out of independent campuses.

The U. S. Department of Commerce reports that the " legal system has improved in recent years.

In addition, the NTSB has assisted the National Aeronautics and Space Administration in its investigations of both the Challenger and the Columbia space shuttle disasters, assisted the Department of Justice during the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack investigations, and assisted the U. S. military in its investigation of the aircraft that crashed in the former Yugoslavia that took the lives of more than 30 Americans, including Commerce Secretary Ron Brown.

# Decides that, by the acts referred to in subparagraph ( 6 ) hereof the United States of America has acted, against the Republic of Nicaragua, in breach of its obligations under Article XIX of the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of Nicaragua signed at Managua on 21 January 1956 ;

# Decides that the United States of America, by the attacks on Nicaraguan territory referred to in subparagraph ( 4 ) hereof, and by declaring a general embargo on trade with Nicaragua on 1 May 1985, has committed acts calculated to deprive of its object and purpose the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the Parties signed at Managua on 21 January 1956 ;

# Decides that the United States of America, by the attacks on Nicaraguan territory referred to in subparagraph ( 4 ) hereof, and by declaring a general embargo on trade with Nicaragua on 1 May 1985, has acted in breach of its obligations under Article XIX of the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the Parties signed at Managua on 21 January 1956 ;

The American Chamber of Commerce in Poland, founded in 1991 with seven members, now has more than 300 members.

* May 18 – Civil War gold hoax: The New York World and the New York Journal of Commerce publish a fake proclamation that President Abraham Lincoln has issued a draft of 400, 000 more soldiers.

This concept has its origins in the work of Richard Cantillon in his Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en ( 1755 ) and Jean-Baptiste Say in his Treatise on Political Economy.

Downtown is also the location of the Omaha Rail and Commerce Historic District, which has several art galleries and restaurants as well.

The Southern Pacific depot has been razed, however, it was one of four SP depots in the Rio Grande valley ( the others are Brownsville, now a museum ; McAllen, now a law office ; and Edinburg, now the home of the Chamber of Commerce.

This patent was given to " The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of Commerce, Washington, D. C ." and the NIST has made this patent available worldwide royalty-free.

The building has, for the time being, been converted to the city's Chamber of Commerce.

The University has five faculties ( Education, Law, Management & Commerce, Science & Agriculture, Social Sciences & Humanities ) all of which offer qualifications up to the doctoral level.

A representative of Israel's Chamber of Commerce has estimated the cumulative economic damage caused by the crisis at 150 to 200 billion Shekels, or 35 to 45 billion US $ – against an annual GDP of 122 billion dollars in 2002.

Commerce Secretary Hodges seems to have been cast in the role of pacemaker for official Washington's economic forecasters.

Commerce was the source of Aegina's greatness, and her trade, which appears to have been principally with the Levant, must have suffered seriously from the war with Persia.

The recent incarnations have been sponsored in part by the Chicago branch of the French-American Chamber of Commerce and by the French Consulate-General in Chicago.

Commerce and education had similarly been subordinated to the struggle for national existence.

The committee was deemed a more friendly forum than what likely would have been the more appropriate venue, the Aviation Subcommittee of the Commerce Committee.

First, the Court held that Section 2 abrogated the right to import intoxicating liquors free of a direct burden on interstate commerce, which otherwise would have been unconstitutional under the Commerce Clause before passage of the Twenty-first Amendment.

Since that time the city, through the efforts of the Bessemer Area Chamber of Commerce and the Bessemer Industrial Development Board, has been successful in diversifying its economy and is recognized for its business growth.

The " Our Town " Festival has been continuously held since 1979, first sponsored by the Coral Springs Chamber of Commerce, and promoted by a non-profit organization since 1997.

These stand alongside others that have been added, including the Orange Park Chamber of Commerce building.

Downtown Idaho Falls once struggled as the city expanded eastward, but it has been revitalized in recent years due to the efforts of local business owners, the City of Idaho Falls, and other organizations such as the Downtown Development Corporation and the Idaho Falls Chamber of Commerce.

As of the Spring of 2009, the new Chamber of Commerce, Riverwalk Park, and Circus Square have been completed.

In 1955 the Richfield Chamber of Commerce was formed and has been deeply involved in the development, as well as the redevelopment, of the community since that time.

They had a splendid business for awhile until the Interstate Commerce Commission issued new rules on freight rates that almost doubled the rates they had been paying for the transportation of grain and flour, both of which had to be transported to and from the mill.

The island in front of Commerce was known as Cat Island at least as early as Mark Twain's time ; however, it has been absorbed by Powers Island to the south.

However, in recent years, efforts have been made the Chamber of Commerce, the City Council, and various other local leaders to create new industrial jobs in Atoka and Atoka County.

The festival was founded by Schreiner's Iris Gardens, one of the country's largest retail iris growers, and has been facilitated by the Keizer Chamber of Commerce since 1987.

One recent point of major contention in the borough has been a swath of reclaimed coal-mining land south of Commerce Boulevard that was deeded to the borough for public use after the state government cleaned it up.

The Wayne County Chamber of Commerce has been hosting Rail Excursions and Historical Tours, starting on track behind the Museum, during spring, summer, fall, and Christmas seasons.

Now home to the Marlboro Chamber of Commerce and The South Carolina Cotton Trail, the house had been purchased, restored, relocated to its West Main Street location and presented to the county in 1991 by D. D.

The City of Taylor along with the Taylor Economic Development Corporation ( Taylor EDC ) and the Taylor Chamber of Commerce have been working to attract new investment to improve the economic base and economic vitality of the Community.