Warfare with the Cossacks and Russia left Ukraine divided, with the eastern part, lost by the Commonwealth, becoming the Tsardom's dependency.

Recovery of lost territories started in the mid-17th century, when the Khmelnitsky Uprising in Ukraine against Polish rule brought about the Treaty of Pereyaslav concluded between Russia and the Ukrainian Cossacks.

At first widely successful, within several decades it had lost much of its initial support, mainly due to its enforcement on the Orthodox parishes, which stirred several massive uprisings, particularly the Khmelnytskyi Uprising, of the Zaporozhian Cossacks and the Commonwealth lost Ukraine in result.

Ermac ’ s friend, Ataman Nikita Pan, and several Cossacks lost their lives in the battle.

The Cossacks rebelled against the religious oppression and their lands were eventually lost to the oppressor.

This causes a great dilemma in the church because the Cossacks were defenders of the faith, and since they lost, and the faith is infallible, the Cossacks themselves must have done something sinful.

In reality, the Poles were not only greatly outnumbered, especially after they were deserted by all the Cossacks who had switched sides and joined Bohdan Khmelnytsky, but also their commander, Stefan Potocki, was only 24 years old ; despite that the battle, though eventually lost by the Poles, lasted for nearly three weeks.

It was a Commonwealth attempt to regain influence over the Ukrainian territories, lost after the series of Cossack uprisings ( like the Khmelnytsky uprising ) and growing influence of Muscovy over the Cossacks ( like the 1654 Treaty of Pereyaslav ).

In June 1651 he was elected colonel of troops of Bratslav and took part in the Battle of Berestechko against Polish troops led by King Jan II Casimir, which the Cossacks lost.

The peoples of the Black and Caspian Sea basins — Ukraine, Don Cossacks, Kuban, Crimea, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Northern Caucasus — emancipated themselves politically in 1919 – 1921 but then lost their independence to Soviet Russia.

His father, a descendent of Ukrainian Cossacks, had been a professor of political economy in Kiev before moving to Saint Petersburg, and his mother was a noblewoman of Russian ethnicity ( Vernadsky considered himself both Russian and Ukrainian, and had some knowledge of the Ukrainian language.

* June 28 – 30 – Battle of Berestechko in the Ukraine: The army of the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth defeats the Zaporozhian Cossacks in one of the biggest land battles of the century, with some 205, 000 troops in the field.

The picket in Kamara had not seen the advancing Cossacks ( there is some suggestion that they were sleeping ), and it was only through Low's timely arrival and his shouts that they managed to escape and make their way to the nearest redoubt on the Causeway Heights.

Tartary ( Latin: Tartaria ) or Great Tartary ( Latin: Tartaria Magna ) was a name used by Europeans from the Middle Ages until the twentieth century to designate the Great Steppe, that is the great tract of northern and central Asia stretching from the Caspian Sea and the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean inhabited mostly by Turkic, Mongol peoples and also by some Cossacks of Russian origin, citizens of the Mongol Empire who were generically referred to as " Tartars ", i. e. Tatars.

According to some sources the massacre was the deed of Cossacks who were semi-independent and were not directly subordinate to Suvorov.

Suvorov nonetheless allowed his troops to loot the city for a much longer period than was usually accepted, which might have been seen by some, particularly the unruly Cossacks, as a green light to do whatever they wanted.

Many officers and experienced Cossacks fought for the White Army, and some of the poorer ones joined the Red Army.

Attacks, some led by Semyon Budenny, were able to keep the Germans from entering the Caucausus, where particularly the Terek and the Kuban Cossacks were able to prevent the Germans from taking the mountains.

It should be pointed out that most of the collaborators, who some say numbered over 250, 000 ( although current figures claim the true number was not even a third of that ) were the Don Cossacks, who, formerly the largest and strongest host, suffered the worst under Soviet collectivization policies.

Though there are some differences in traditions and customs, the Don Cossacks speak the Russian language and have always related themselves to greater Russia, while maintaining their own unique national identity.

His party encounters some Cossacks and Tartars and a fight breaks out in which Jan ’ s soldiers are slaughtered and he severely wounded.

" In some mud cabins, hard by Yeni Bazar, an advanced post of Cossacks was lodged, in great distress for want of necessaries, which they were obliged to draw from Varna, two days distance.

So much intermarriage took place between the natives and the Cossacks that Kamchadal now refers to the majority mixed population, and the term Itelmens at some point became reserved for persisting speakers of the Itelmen language.

There are three cultural subgroups within the Kalmyk nation: Turguts, Durbets ( Durwets ), and Buzavs ( Oirats, who joined Russian Cossacks, else we can find some villages of Hoshouts and Zungars.

Although sacked by the Ural Cossacks in 1580, it was later used as the headquarters by some Kazakh khans.

Shkuro claimed that to the detriment of the anti-Bolshevik cause, both Denikin and Wrangel did not sufficiently understand Cossack society, and that as a result some of their decisions alienated the Cossacks — even though the Cossacks in general remained deeply hostile to the policies of the Bolsheviks.

Many traditions of the Zaporozhian Cossacks continued in the Black Sea Cossacks, such as the formal election of the host administration, but in some cases, the traditionals were replaced by new ones.

The Cossacks have actively participated in some of the more abrupt political developments following the dissolution of the Soviet Union: South Ossetia, Crimea, Kosovo, Transnistria and Abkhazia.

Like many other Cossacks, some refuse to accept themselves as part of the standard ethnic Russian people, and claim to be a separate subgroup on par with sub-ethnicities such as the Pomors.

The Kuban Cossacks living in Krasnodar Kray, Adygea, Karachayevo-Cherkessia and some regions of Stavropol Krai and Kabardino-Balkaria counted 25, 000 men.

There is some overlap between the last phase of the Uprising and the beginning of the Russo-Polish War ( 1654 – 1667 ), as Cossacks and Russian forces became allied.

* Danubian Sich, formed by some of the escapees of the Zaporizhian Cossacks in the delta of Danube, under the protectorate of the Ottoman Empire.

To Serenissimus such tribes as the Cossacks of the Don or those ex-bandits the Zaporogian Cossacks ( in whose islands along the lower Dnieper the Polish novelist Sienkiewicz would one day place With Fire And Sword ) were just elements for enforced resettlement in, say, Bessarabia, where, as `` the faithful of the Black Sea borders '', he could use their presence as bargaining points in the Czarina's territorial claims against Turkey.

The Battle of Berestechko (; ) was fought between the Ukrainian Cossacks, led by Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, aided by their Crimean Tatar allies, and a Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth army under King John II Casimir.

On July 10, the Cossacks fell into a panic, believing that their commanders had run off in the night, leaving them to their fate.

Xiongnu, Tujue, Avars, Kipchaks, Mongols, Don Cossacks and the various Turkic peoples are also examples of the horse-mounted groups that managed to gain substantial successes in military conflicts with settled agrarian and urban societies, due to their strategic and tactical mobility.

Between 1881 and 1910 all Russian cavalry ( other than Cossacks and Imperial Guard regiments ) were designated as dragoons ; reflecting an emphasis on dismounted action in their training and a growing acceptance of the impracticality of employing historical cavalry tactics against modern firepower.

* Cossack host, was the administrative subdivision of Cossacks in Imperial Russia based on their location.

As the free settlers of South Russia, the Cossacks, reacted against the growing centralization of the state, serfs escaped from their landlords and joined the rebels.

On 19 November, a few weeks after the proclamation of soviet power in Petrograd, they escaped from their confinement ( eased by the fact that the jail was guarded by Kornilov's supporters ) and made their way to the Don region, which was controlled by the Don Cossacks.

In 1667 he achieved another great victory over the Cossacks and their Tatar allies in the Battle of Podhajce during the Polish – Cossack – Tatar War ( 1666 – 71 ).

Already on October 8 the fort was unsuccessfully attacked by joint forces of Achans and Duchers ( who had good reasons to hate the Cossacks, due to their rather heavy-handed tribute-extraction tactics ), while many Russians were out fishing.

On March 24 ( or 26 ) 1652, Fort Achansk was attacked by Manchu cavalry, led by Ninguta's commander Haise, reinforced by Ducher auxiliaries, but the Cossacks stood their ground in a day-long battle and even managed to seize the attackers ' supply train.

Because of their skills in horsemanship and mounted combat, many were enlisted into the Amur Cossacks host.

However, the expansionist ambitions of the empire relied on ensuring the loyalty of Cossacks, which caused tension with their traditional freedom and independence.

There is a memorial sign on one of the restaurants on Montmartre that says: On 30 March 1814-here the Cossacks first launched their famous " Bistro " and thus on this summit occurred the worthy Ancestor of our Bistros.

The resistance of the Chinese, however, obliged the Cossacks to quit their forts, and by the Treaty of Nerchinsk ( 1689 ) Russia abandoned her advance into the basin of the river.

In many areas, such as the Aigun District on the Amur, the Russian Cossacks looted their villages and property and then razed them.

The rest of the Cossacks moved their Host down the Dnieper River for the next 19 years.

The Astrakhan Kalmyk nobility, led by Prince Danzan Tundutov of the Baga Dörbets and Prince Sereb-Djab Tiumen of the Khoshuts, expressed their anti-Bolshevik sentiments by seeking to integrate the Astrakhan Kalmyks into the military units of the Astrakhan Cossacks.

Some of the Kalmuk Cossacks still had their horses and the little tented carts in which they had travelled, and in the water all sorts of rubbish floated – trunks, clothes, furniture, even corpses.

The Ottoman forces in these positions, having already watched their compatriots flee the first redoubt and realizing that the British were not coming to their aid, retreated back towards Balaclava, pursued by the Cossacks who had little trouble dispatching any stray or isolated men ; the few British NCOs could do nothing but spike the guns, rendering them unusable.