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The Duchy of Normandy and the Duchy of Burgundy were largely independent, and Brittany entirely so, although from 956 Burgundy was ruled by Hugh's brothers Odo and Henry.
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Duchy and Normandy
The Normans, a Viking people who settled in Northern France and founded the Duchy of Normandy would have a significant impact on many parts of Europe, from the Norman conquest of England to Southern Italy and Sicily.
* Robert received the Duchy of Normandy and became Duke Robert II
) Henry appropriated the Duchy of Normandy as a possession of the Kingdom of England and reunited his father's dominions.
Even after taking control of the Duchy of Normandy he did not take the title of Duke, he chose to control it as the King of England.
The island of Jersey and the other Channel Islands represent the last remnants of the medieval Duchy of Normandy that held sway in both France and England.
It has enjoyed self-government since the division of the Duchy of Normandy in 1204.
When Henry III and the King of France came to terms over the Duchy of Normandy, all lands except the Channel Islands recognised the suzerainty of the King of France.
Philip II of France | Phillip II's successful invasion of Duchy of Normandy | Normandy in 1204 ; blue arrows indicate the movement of Philip II's forces and light blue Philip's Breton allies
Normandy (, pronounced, Norman: Nourmaundie, from Old French Normanz, plural of Normand, originally from the word for " northman " in several Scandinavian languages ) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy.
The historical Duchy of Normandy was a formerly independent duchy occupying the lower Seine area, the Pays de Caux and the region to the west through the Pays d ' Auge as far as the Cotentin Peninsula.
* the Couesnon, which traditionally marks the boundary between the Duchy of Brittany and the Duchy of Normandy
In the west lay the three counties of Maine, Anjou and Touraine, and to the north of Blois was the Duchy of Normandy, from which Duke William had conquered England in 1066.
In 1106 he invaded and captured the Duchy of Normandy, controlled by his eldest brother, Robert Curthose, defeating Robert's army at the battle of Tinchebray.
Matilda had been married to Henry V, the Holy Roman Emperor, which gave her the title of Empress, but her husband died in 1125 and she was remarried in 1128 to Geoffrey, the Count of Anjou, whose lands bordered the Duchy of Normandy.
Nevertheless, in 911 the Viking leader Rollon forced Charles the Simple to sign the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, under which Charles gave Rouen and the area of present-day Upper Normandy to Rollon, establishing the Duchy of Normandy.
The Normans were descended from Danish and Norwegian Vikings who were given feudal overlordship of areas in northern France — the Duchy of Normandy — in the 10th century.
He needed money to fund this venture, and pledged his Duchy of Normandy to William in return for a payment of 10, 000 marks — a sum equalling about a quarter of William's annual revenue.
* 1091: Normans from the Duchy of Normandy take control of Malta and surrounding islands.
He believes that, had the deaths occurred in the Duchy of Normandy, the matter would be seen in a different light.
In 1036, Ælfred Ætheling, Emma's son by the long-dead Æthelred, returned to the kingdom from exile in the Duchy of Normandy with his brother Edward the Confessor, with some show of arms.
* The Normans, a people partly descended from Norse Vikings who settled in the territory of Normandy in France after being given a Duchy by the French King, conquered other lands and protected the French coast from foreign attacks.
Duchy and Burgundy
* Duchy of Burgundy
From Henry I onward, the Dukes of Burgundy were relatives of the King of the Franks until the end of the Duchy proper.
Knighthood in the Middle Ages was closely linked with horsemanship ( and especially the joust ) from its origins in the 12th century until its final flowering as a fashion among the high nobility in the Duchy of Burgundy in the 15th century.
For a second time in his youth, Richard was forced to seek refuge in the Low Countries, which were then part of the realm of the Duchy of Burgundy.
* 1003: Robert II of France invades the Duchy of Burgundy, then ruled by Otto-William, Duke of Burgundy ; the initial invasion is unsuccessful, but Robert II eventually gained the acceptance of the Roman Catholic Church in 1016 and annexed Burgundy into his realm.
Coat of arms of the second Duchy of Burgundy and later of the French province of Burgundy
Franche-Comté (; ; Free Countian: Fraintche-Comtè ; ) the former " Free County " of Burgundy, as distinct from the neighbouring Duchy, is an administrative region and a traditional province of eastern France.
It was definitively separated from the neighboring Duchy of Burgundy upon the latter's incorporation into France in 1477.
He expanded the influence of the House of Habsburg through war and his marriage in 1477 to Mary of Burgundy, the heiress to the Duchy of Burgundy, but he also lost the Austrian territories in today's Switzerland to the Swiss Confederacy.
The Duchy of Burgundy was also claimed by the French crown under Salic Law, with Louis XI, King of France vigorously contesting the Habsburg claim to the Burgundian inheritance by means of military force.
It did not include the smaller Duchy of Burgundy to the north, ruled by a cadet branch of the Capetian King of France.
The county of Flanders fell to the Duchy of Burgundy next, after the 1369 marriage of Margaret III, Countess of Flanders, and Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy.
This process culminated in the rule of the House of Valois, who were the rulers of the Duchy of Burgundy
In 1430 the Duchy became part of the County of Burgundy until 1477 when it fell to the House of Habsburg.
In 1423 Guelders passed to the House of Egmond, which gained recognition of its title from Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg, but was unable to escape the political strife and internecine conflict that had so plagued the preceding House of Jülich-Hengebach, and more especially, the pressure brought to bear by the expansionist rulers of the Duchy of Burgundy.
The bargain was completed in 1472-73, and upon Arnold's death in 1473, Duke Charles added Guelders to the " Low Countries " portion of his Valois Duchy of Burgundy.
* Duchy of Burgundy
He was created Duke of Touraine in 1360, but in 1363, as a reward for his behaviour at Poitiers, he returned this to the crown, receiving instead from his father the Duchy of Burgundy in apanage, which his father had been Duke of since the death of Philip of Rouvres in 1361.
Philip the Bold married Margaret III, Countess of Flanders ( 1350 – 1405 ) on 19 June 1369, a marriage which would eventually not only reunite the Duchy of Burgundy with the Free County of Burgundy and the County of Artois, but also unite it to the rich county of Flanders.
Duchy and were
After the fall of the Duchy of Athens and the principality of Achaia, the only Latin possessions left on the mainland of Greece were the papal city of Monemvasia, the fortress of Vonitsa, the Messenian stations Coron and Modon, Navarino, the castles of Argos and Nauplia, to which the island of Aegina was subordinate, Lepanto and Pteleon.
Eventually two dukedoms were formed — Duchy of Pannonia and Duchy of Dalmatia, ruled by Ljudevit Posavski and Borna, as attested by chronicles of Einhard starting in the year 818.
Before the Prussians and their neighbors to the west, the Pomeranians, were finally brought to heel, Polish rulers and the Duchy of Masovia, both by then Christianised peoples, would be continually frustrated in their aims at northern expansion.
The Duchy of Aquitaine was the largest and richest province of France ; Poitou ( where Eleanor spent most of her childhood ) and Aquitaine together were almost one-third the size of modern France.
The chief centres of Erasmus's activity were Paris, Leuven ( in the Duchy of Brabant ), England, and Basel ; yet he never belonged firmly in any one of these places.
In all Tuscany, only the Republic of Lucca ( later a Duchy ) and the Principality of Piombino were independent from Florence.
The major reasons for rising political tensions among the Finns were the autocratic rule of the Russian Tsar and the undemocratic class system of the estates in the Grand Duchy.
This meant that some of the social problems associated with the industrial process ( such as those seen in England ) were diminished via control of the administration, but other problems arose due to the marked cultural differences between Russia and the Grand Duchy.
However for most of the period the two parts were under a single ruler, and were known as the Duchy of Greater Poland ( although at times there were separately ruled duchies of Poznań, Gniezno, Kalisz and Ujście ).
As the two continental powers and minor states such as the Duchy of Milan, Duchy of Savoy, and the Papal States competed and fought against each other, there were far-reaching political, economic, and social consequences for the Confederation.
Most of the region was a part of the Kingdom of Sweden from the 13th century to 1809, when the vast majority of the Finnish-speaking areas of Sweden were ceded to the Russian Empire ( excluding the Finnish-speaking areas of the modern-day Northern Sweden ), making this area the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland.
The town and castle changed ownership for a period afterwards and were part of the Duchy of Saxony until 1192, of the County of Holstein until 1217 and part of Denmark until the Battle of Bornhöved in 1227.
Many cities were granted the German system of laws ( Magdeburg rights ), with the largest of these being Vilnius, since 1322 the capital of the Grand Duchy.
At the court of Zygmunt August, the last king of the Duchy, both Polish and Lithuanian were spoken.
Under the terms of the Treaty, Luxembourg and the newly formed Duchy of Limburg, both members of the Germanic Confederation, were together required to provide a Federal Contingent distributed among a Light Infantry Battalion garrisoned in Echternach, a Cavalry Squadron in Diekirch, and an Artillery detachment in Ettelbruck.
Most of the remaining lands were seized by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
The unconquered southern parts of their territories ( Ceklis and Megava ) were united under the rule of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
They were the first extension of Papal territory beyond the confines of the Duchy of Rome, and in effect marked the beginning of the Papal States.
In 1731 the combined Duchy of Parma and Piacenza was given to the House of Bourbon in a diplomatic shuffle of the European dynastic politics that were played out in Italy.
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